Mice come in various flavours - serial mice, PS/2 mice, busmice, USB mice. Below a little about mice using the PS/2 protocol, since these also use the keyboard controller.
A mouse has a number of buttons (1-5 is common) and must report button presses. It has some way of detecting motion, and must report the amount of movement in the X and Y direction, usually as differences with the previously reported position, in a (dx,dy) pair. Touchpads can also report absolute position.
Reports come in the form of mouse packets of between 1 and 8 bytes. Various protocols are in use.
A PS/2 mouse can be in stream mode (the default). In this mode it produces a stream of packets indicating mouse movements and button presses. Or it can be in remote mode. In this mode the mouse only sends a packet when the host requests one, using the eb command. Finally, it can be in echo ("wrap") mode, in which everything the host sends is echoed back, until either a reset (ff) or clear echo mode (ec) is received.
Scaling can be set to 1:1 or 2:1. This affects stream mode only. In 2:1 scaling: If the unscaled absolute value of dx or dy is 6 or more, it is doubled. Otherwise, for the unscaled value 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, the scaled value 0,1,1,3,6,9,12 is sent.
The standard PS/2 protocol uses 3-byte packets, as follows:
| Yovfl | Xovfl | dy8 | dx8 | 1 | Middle Btn | Right Btn | Left Btn |
| dx7 | dx6 | dx5 | dx4 | dx3 | dx2 | dx1 | dx0 |
| dy7 | dy6 | dy5 | dy4 | dy3 | dy2 | dy1 | dy0 |
It gives the movement in the X and Y direction in 9-bit two's complement notation (range -256 to +255) and an overflow indicator. It also gives the status of the three mouse buttons. When this protocol is used, the f2 Read mouse ID command is answered by 00.
The Microsoft Intellimouse uses the above protocol until scrolling wheel mode is activated by sending the magic sequence f3 c8 f3 64 f3 50 (set sample rate 200, 100, 80). In this mode, the Read mouse ID command returns 03, and 4-byte packets are used:
| Yovfl | Xovfl | dy8 | dx8 | 1 | Middle Btn | Right Btn | Left Btn |
| dx7 | dx6 | dx5 | dx4 | dx3 | dx2 | dx1 | dx0 |
| dy7 | dy6 | dy5 | dy4 | dy3 | dy2 | dy1 | dy0 |
| dz3 | dz3 | dz3 | dz3 | dz3 | dz2 | dz1 | dz0 |
Here the last byte gives the movement of the scrolling wheel in 4-bit two's complement notation (range -8 to +7) and the leading four bits are just copies of the sign bit.
The Explorer mouse protocol allows for scrolling wheel and five buttons. It is activated by first sending the magic sequence for Intellimouse, and then, when the Intellimouse ID has been seen, sending the magic sequence f3 c8 f3 c8 f3 50 (set sample rate 200, 200, 80). In this mode, the Read mouse ID command returns 04, and 4-byte packets are used:
| Yovfl | Xovfl | dy8 | dx8 | 1 | Middle Btn | Right Btn | Left Btn |
| dx7 | dx6 | dx5 | dx4 | dx3 | dx2 | dx1 | dx0 |
| dy7 | dy6 | dy5 | dy4 | dy3 | dy2 | dy1 | dy0 |
| 0 | 0 | 5th Btn | 4th Btn | dz3 | dz2 | dz1 | dz0 |
Lots of other protocols occur, and only incomplete data is known about most of them. Some examples.
The Typhoon optical mouse is reported to send 6-byte packets. Bytes 1-3 are as for the default PS/2 protocol. Byte 4 equals byte 1. Byte 5 gives the Z axis movement, one of ff, 00, 01. Byte 6 is 0. Of course the idea is that this packet looks like two ordinary packets and ordinary PS/2 mouse drivers will handle it. The 6-byte mode is activated by sending the magic sequence f3 c8 f3 64 f3 50 f3 3c f3 28 f3 14 (set sample rate 200, 100, 80, 60, 40, 20). It is recognized by the ID 08.
Every command or data byte sent to the mouse (except for the resend command fe) is ACKed with fa. If the command or data is invalid, it is NACKed with fe. If the next byte is again invalid, the reply is ERROR: fc.
Command d0: Read extended ID
Read up to 256 bytes.
Commands d1-df: Vendor unique commands
Command d1: Logitech PS/2++ command
This command was to be used, followed by an arbitrary data sequence. Now replaced by the sliced commands using e8.
Command e1: Read secondary ID
Replies with two bytes. An IBM TrackPoint returns 01 as first byte, and a second byte depending on the model.
Command e2: IBM TrackPoint command
Followed by several parameter bytes. For details, see ykt3dext.pdf.
Command e6: Set mouse scaling to 1:1
Often ingredient in magic sequences.
Command e7: Set mouse scaling to 2:1
Often ingredient in magic sequences.
Command e8: Set mouse resolution
This command is followed by a byte indicating the resolution (0, 1, 2, 3: 1, 2, 4, 8 units per mm, respectively). It is used in magic sequences to transport two bits, so that four of these are needed to send a byte to the mouse. See below.
This command returns three bytes:First a status byte: Bit 7: unused, 0. Bit 6: 0: stream mode, 1: remote mode. Bit 5: 0: disabled, 1: enabled. Bit 4: 0: scaling set to 1:1, 1: scaling set to 2:1. Bit 3: unused, 0. Bit 2: 1: left button pressed. Bit 1: 1: middle button pressed. Bit 0: 1: right button pressed.
Then a resolution byte: 0, 1, 2, 3: 1, 2, 4, 8 units per mm, respectively.
Finally a sample rate (in Hz).
See below for special Synaptics Touchpad handling.
Command ea: Set stream mode
Read a mouse packet. Needed in remote mode to ask the mouse for data. Also functions in stream mode.
Command ec: Clear echo mode
Command ee: Set echo mode
Command f0: Set remote mode
(Only supported on some systems.) This command reads a 1-byte mouse ID. The reply is a single byte 00. Wait at least 10ms after issuing this command.For the keyboard reply, see above.
BallPoint (trackball) devices return a single byte 02, Intellimouse returns 03, Explorer Mouse returns 04, 4d Mouse returns 06, 4dplus Mouse returns 08,as does the Typhoon mouse.
Command f3: Set mouse sample rate
(Only supported on some systems.) Set mouse sample rate in Hz. If the given sampling rate is acceptable the ACK is fa. Otherwise the NACK is fe, and the host can correct. If it is incorrect again fc is sent. Correct values are, e.g., 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 200.
The stream mode mouse data reporting is disabled after a reset and after the disable command. This command enables it again.
This stops mouse data reporting in stream mode. In stream mode, this command should be sent before sending any other commands.
If this command is recognized, a reset is done (set sampling rate 100 Hz, resolution 4 counts/mm, stream mode, disabled, scaling 1:1), but no diagnostics are performed. For some enhanced mice that require a magic sequence to get into enhanced mode, this command will reset them to default PS/2 mode.
Command fe: Resend
If this command is recognized, the last mouse packet (possibly several bytes) is resent. There is no ACK to this command, but if the last reply was ACK, it is sent.
A self-test is performed. When OK, the response is aa 00. On error, the response is fc 00. The mouse is reset to default PS/2 mode.
For more advanced mouse modes it is necessary to send data to the mouse. There is now a commonly accepted way.
First Logitech tried to use the d1 command followed by an arbitrary data sequence. While the IBM specs reserve d1-df for vendor unique commands, it turns out that not all BIOSes will transmit such codes. So Logitech drops the d1 and uses the sequence e8 aa e8 bb e8 cc e8 dd to transmit the byte aabbccdd, where aa, bb, cc, dd are 2-bit quantities. In this way an arbitrarily long sequence of bytes can be transmitted.
For synchronization purposes it is possible to separate such groups of four e8 commands by an e6 command. Indeed, such separation may be required: Synaptics Touchpads react to e9 or f3 commands preceded by precisely four e8 commands.
For example, the "magic knock" d1 39 db that sets a device that understands it in PS/2++ mode, becomes e8 00 e8 03 e8 02 e8 01 e6 e8 03 e8 01 e8 02 e8 03, abbreviated {E8}0321 {E6} {E8}3123. Note that 0321 and 3123 do not have repeated symbols. If they had, too intelligent intermediate hardware transmitting these sequences might see a superfluous command and suppress it.
PS/2++ mode is cleared again by the "magic unknock" {E8} 0323 or D1 3B from an external device, and {E8} 0321 or D1 39 from an internal device. (These commands differ so that in setups where the same commands are sent to internal and external devices, they can be commanded separately.)
For a decription of the PS/2++ format, see ps2ppspec.htm.
A few sketchy details. For nice precise information, get the Synaptics interfacing guide.
When preceded by an 8-bit request number encoded via four e8 commands, the e9 status request returns modified output, somewhat dependent on the Touchpad model.
Request 00: Identify Touchpad
This request returns three bytes, of which the middle one is the constant 47. This is the way to recognize a Touchpad. The low order four bits of the third word contain the major model version number, the first word contains the minor version number, and the high order four bits of the third word contain the (obsolete) model code.
Request 01: Read Touchpad Modes
This request returns three bytes, of which the first two are the constants 3b and 47. The last byte is the mode byte
| ABS | Rate | - | - | Baud/Sleep | DisGest | PackSize | Wmode |
Here ABS indicates absolute mode (instead of the default relative mode).
Rate is 0 for 40 packets/sec, 1 for 80 packets/sec. The PS/2 sampling rate value is ignored.
Baud/Sleep indicates the baud rate when used with a serial protocol (0: 1200 baud, 1: 9600 baud). It must be set whenever ABS or Rate is set. When used with the PS/2 protocol this bit indicates sleep mode - a low power mode in which finger activity is ignored and only button presses are reported.
DisGest is the "disable gestures" bit. When set, we have classical mouse behaviour. When cleared, "tap" and "drag" processing is enabled.
PackSize is used for the serial protocol only (and then chooses between 6-, 7- and 8-byte packets, also depending on the Wmode bit).
Wmode is used in absolute mode only. When set the packets also contain the W value. (This value indicates the amount of contact: 0: two-finger contact, 1: three-finger contact, 2: pen contact, 3: reserved, 4-7: ordinary finger contact, 8-15: wide finger or palm contact.)
This described Touchpad 4.x. Earlier models had up to four mode bytes. This request would return mode bytes 1 and 2 in the first and last result byte, and request 02 would return mode bytes 3 and 4.
Request 02: Read Capabilities
This request returns three bytes, of which the middle one is the constant 47. The first and third byte are the high-order and low-order parts of the capability word. (Thus on Touchpad 4.x. On earlier models mode bytes 3 and 4 are returned.)
This capability word has 16 bits. Bit 15 indicates that capabilities are supported. Bit 4 indicates that Sleep is supported (for the PS/2 protocol). Bit 3 indicates that four buttons (Left, Right, Up, Down) are supported. Bit 1 indicates that multi-finger detection is supported. Bit 0 indicates that palm detection is supported.
Request 03: Read Model ID
Request 06: Read Serial Number Prefix
Request 07: Read Serial Number Suffix
Request 08: Read Resolution
When preceded by an 8-bit request number encoded via four e8 commands, the f3 14 (set sample rate 20) command sets the mode byte to the encoded number. (Thus on Touchpads 4.x. Older models have more mode bytes and several such commands.)
There is a complicated forest of "magic sequences" that enable vendor extensions. Recognizing all of these is a very obscure activity.
(Moreover, recognizing these may be counterproductive: if the mouse has special capabilities which are activated by a special sequence, and it is connected to the computer via a KVM switch that does not know about this special protocol, then switching away and back will leave the mouse in the non-special state. This leads to non-functioning mice.)
A 2002 Logitech file describes the following procedure for recognizing the mouse type:
Stage 1: Send ff: reset. The reply is ignored. (Most common is aa 00.)
Stage 2: Send f3 0a f2: set sample rate and ask for ID. If the reply is 02, we have a trackball - it has its own protocol. (The usual reply is 00.)
Stage 3: Send e8 00 e6 e6 e6 e9: set resolution and scaling (three times), and request status. The reply consists of three bytes s1 s2 s3. An old-fashioned mouse would report 0 in the second status byte s2 (since that is the resolution and we just set it).
If s2 is nonzero then: s2 is the number of buttons, s3 is the firmware revision, s1 has the firmware ID (device type) bits 6-0 in bits 3-0,6-4, while bit 7 of s1 indicates support for the e7 e7 e7 e9 command.
If s1=d0 and s2=03 and s3=c8, suspect Synaptics.
If s1 and s2 are zero but s3 equals 0a, suspect Alps. (s3=0a is as expected, but s1=0 is not)
Stage 4: If bit 7 of s1 is set, or if we suspect Alps, send e8 00 e7 e7 e7 e9: set resolution and scaling (three times), and request status. The reply consists of three bytes t1 t2 t3. Of course, we already know that this is not an old-fashioned mouse.
If t2=01 and FirmwareID < 0x10 and t1 >> 6 = 1, then conclude that we have a Cordless MouseMan (RA12).
If t2=01 and FirmwareID < 0x10 and t1 >> 6 = 3, then conclude that we have a Cordless MouseMan (RB24).
Other cases with t2=01 are for new cordless mice.
If we suspect Synaptics and t2=0 and t3=0a, then conclude that we have a Synaptics touchpad.
If we suspect Alps and t1=33, then conclude that we have an Alps touchpad.
Stage 5: If we don't know the type yet, send f3 c8 f3 64 f3 50 f2: Set sampling rate to 200, 100, 80 Hz, and ask for ID. The reply is a single byte. If we get 3, conclude that we have an IntelliMouse. (And this sequence is the initialization sequence for the IntelliMouse.)
Stage 6: Send ff: reset. Now the device is no longer in any special state.
Stage 7: If we don't know the type yet, send e8 00 e8 00 e8 00 e8 00 e9: set resolution to 0 (four times), and ask for status. The reply consists of three bytes u1 u2 u3. If u2=47 and u3=13, then conclude that we have a new Synaptics touchpad.
Stage 7a: At this point we can narrow down to model type. If the thing is Synaptics or Alps, then Logitech is no longer interested. If it has 3 buttons, FirmwareID 1 and firmware revision 50, then conclude that it is a Logitech Mouseman.
Stage 8: If we think it is a touchpad, detect whether it has programmable RAM. Send e6 e8 00 e8 00 e8 00 e8 00 e9. The reply consists of three bytes v1 v2 v3. If v1=06 and v2=00, then conclude that we have a Touchpad TP3 with programmable RAM.
Stage 9: Test whether the device understands the Logitech PS/2++ protocol. Send the "magic knock" f5 e8 00 e8 03 e8 02 e8 01 e6 e8 03 e8 01 e8 02 e8 03 f4. Check whether the device replies with an extended report.