"How to say "ought" in foreign: the morphological composition and meaning of weak necessity modals" Sabine Iatridou (Co-authored with Kai von Fintel) In a variety of languages (French, Spanish, Dutch, Greek, Croatian, Bulgarian, Hungarian and others), what is used to express the modal "ought to" is a necessity modal augmented by counterfactual morphology. We investigate this modal concept, the reason for its morphological make-up in the languages above, and what it can teach us about modality in general.