@Article{,
author = {(AAAS), American Association for the Advancement of Science}, 
title = {Science for all Americans: A Project 2061 Report on Literacy Goals in Science, Mathematics, and Technology}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {AAUW}, 
title = {Tech-Savvy: Educating Girls in the New Computer Age}, 
publisher = {American Association of University Women Education Foundation}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {2000}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {ABET}, 
title = {Engineering Criteria 2000: Criteria for accrediting programs in Engineering in the United States}, 
journal = {ASEE Prism}, 
volume = {N March}, 
pages = {41-42}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Abelson, Harold and diSessa, Andrea A.}, 
title = {Turtle Geometry: The Computer as a Medium for Exploring Mathematics}, 
publisher = {MIT Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Abernethy, Ken and Allen, Tom}, 
title = {Exploring the Digital Domain: An Introduction to Computing with Multimedia and Networking}, 
publisher = {PWS Publishing}, 
address = {Boston}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Abowd, Gregory and Atkeson, Chris G. and Brotherton, Jason A. and Enqvist, T. and Gully, P.A. and Lemon, J.}, 
title = {Investigating the capture, integration, and access problem of ubiquitous computing in an educational setting}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of CHI'98}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Abowd, Gregory and Pimentel, Maria da GraŤa and Kerimbaev, Bolot and Ishiguro, Yoshihide and Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Anchoring discussions in lecture: An approach to collaboratively extending classroom digital media}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of CSCL'99}, 
address = {Palo Alto, CA}, 
pages = {11-19}, 
year = {1999}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Ackerman, Mark S.}, 
title = {Augmenting the organizational memory: A field study of Answer Garden}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of CSCW'94}, 
editor = {Furuta, Richard and Neuwirth, Christine}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Chapel Hill, NC}, 
pages = {243-252}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Adams, Stephen T. and DiSessa, Andrea A.}, 
title = {Learning by "Cheating": Students' inventive ways of using a Boxer motion microworld}, 
journal = {The Journal of Mathematical Behavior}, 
volume = {10}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {79-89}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Adelson, Beth and Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {A cognitive model of software design}, 
year = {1984}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Adelson, Beth and Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {The role of domain experience in software design.}, 
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering}, 
volume = {SE-11}, 
number = {11}, 
pages = {1351-1360}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Aho, A.V. and Kernighan, Brian W. and Weinberger, Peter J.}, 
title = {The AWK Programming Language}, 
publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, 
address = {Reading, MA}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Repenning, Alex and Ioannidou, A. and Phillips, J.}, 
title = {Collaborative use and design of interactive simulations}, 
journal = {Proceeings of Computer Supported Collaborative Learning Conference at Stanford (CSCL'99)}, 
year = {1999}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Repenning, Alex and Ioannidou, A. and Zola, J.}, 
title = {AgentSheets: End-User Programmable Simulations}, 
journal = {Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation}, 
volume = {3}, 
number = {3}, 
year = {2000}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Allen, Brockenbrough S. and Merrill, M. David}, 
title = {System-assigned strategies and CBI}, 
journal = {Journal of Educational Computing Research}, 
volume = {1}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {3-21}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@phdthesis{,
author = {Allen, Jeanette}, 
title = {Effects of representation on programming behavior}, 
school = {Georgia Institute of Technology}, 
year = {1993}, 
abstract = {Contrasted text versus diagrammatic representations of programs (a visual functional programming language that she invented.)}, 
keywords = { Visualization, visual programming}}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Alloway, Gene and Bos, Nathan and Hamel, Kathleen and Hammerman, Tracy and Klann, Elisabeth and Krajcik, Joseph and Lyons, David and Madden, Terry and Margerum-Leys, Jon and Reed, James and Scala, Nancy and Soloway, Elliot and Vekiri, Ioanna and Wallace, Raven}, 
editor = {Edelson, Daniel C. and Domeshek, Eric A.}, 
title = {Creating An Inquiry-Learning Environment Using The World Wide Web}, 
publisher = {Charlottesville: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE)}, 
address = {Northwestern University}, 
pages = {1-8}, 
year = {1996}, 
abstract = {The University of Michigan Digital Library (UMDL) Project provides guidelines and design standards for teaching and learning materials and methods to support science inquiry using on-line resources. In this paper, we present an initial report of our experiences using online resources to promote sustained inquiry in science classrooms. We examine the challenges faced by teachers and students as well as the challenges posed in creating or finding useful content and in designing the technological tools for students to investigate meaningful questions on-line.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Ambron, Sueann and Hooper, Kristina}, 
title = {Learning with Interactive Multimedia: Developing and Using Multimedia Tools in Education}, 
year = {1990}, 
location = {Redmond, WA}, 
keywords = { HyperCard programming by students for multimedia}}

@Book{,
author = {Anderson, John}, 
title = {The Architecture of Cognition}, 
publisher = {Harvard University Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
year = {1983}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Anderson, John R. and Boyle, C. F. and Corbett, A.T. and Lewis, M.W.}, 
title = {Cognitive modeling intelligent tutoring}, 
journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, 
volume = {42}, 
pages = {7-49}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Anderson, John R. and Boyle, C. Franklin and Reiser, Brian J.}, 
title = {Intelligent tutoring systems}, 
journal = {Science}, 
volume = {228}, 
pages = {456-462}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Anderson, John R. and Conrad, Frederick G. and Corbett, Albert T.}, 
title = {Skill acquisition and the LISP tutor}, 
journal = {Cognitive Science}, 
volume = {13}, 
pages = {467-505}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Anderson, John R. and Corbett, Albert T. and Koedinger, Kenneth R. and Pelletier, Ray}, 
title = {Cognitive Tutors: Lessons Learned}, 
journal = {Journal of the Learning Sciences}, 
volume = {4}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {167-208}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Anderson, Richard C. and Spiro, Rand J. and Anderson, Mark C.}, 
title = {Schemata as scaffolding for the representation of information in connected discourse}, 
journal = {American Educational Research Journal}, 
volume = {15}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {433-440}, 
year = {1978}, 
keywords = { significance of information to conceptual framework, information representation in connected discourse}}

@Inbook{,
author = {Dieberger, Andreas and Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Experiences with Collaborative Web Spaces}, 
booktitle = {From Usenet to CoWebs: Interacting with Social Information Spaces}, 
editor = {Lueg, C. and Fisher, D.}, 
publisher = {Springer}, 
address = {London, UK}, 
pages = {155-166}, 
year = {2003}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Anzai, Yuichiro and Simon, Herbert A.}, 
title = {The theory of learning by doing}, 
journal = {Psychological Review}, 
volume = {86}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {124-140}, 
year = {1979}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Appelbe, William and Kraemer, Eileen and Lakshmanan, B. and Stasko, John and Wehrli, J.}, 
title = {Supporting parallel program debugging through graphics}, 
journal = {Proceedings of the ACM/ONR 1993 Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Debugging}, 
pages = { 172-174}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Arons, Anold B.}, 
title = {A Guide to Introductory Physics Teaching}, 
publisher = {John Wiley & Sons}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Astin, A.W. and Green, K.C. and Korn, W.S.}, 
title = {The American freshman: Twenty year trends}, 
publisher = {Cooperative Institutional Program of the American Council on Education and the University of California}, 
address = {Los Angeles}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Atkinson, Bill}, 
title = {MacPaint}, 
year = {1984}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Augustine, Norman and Vest, Charles M.}, 
title = {Engineering Education for a Changing World}, 
volume = {Joint Project Report by the Engineering Deans Council and Corporate Roundtable by the American Society for Engineering Education}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Badre, Albert N. and Guzdial, Mark and Hudson, Scott E. and Santos, Paulo J.}, 
title = {A user interface evaluation environment using synchronized video, visualizations, and event trace data}, 
journal = {Journal of Software Quality}, 
volume = {4}, 
pages = {101-113}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Badre, Albert N. and Hudson, Scott E. and Santos, Paulo J.}, 
title = {An environment to support user interface evaluation using synchronized video and event trace recording}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Badre, Albert N. and Santos, Paulo J.}, 
title = {A knowledge-based system for capturing human-computer interaction events: CHIME}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Baggett, Pat and Guzdial, Mark and Kafai, Yasmin and Weber, William}, 
title = {The trouble with educational software}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Bailey, Clyde S.}, 
title = {The Telephone}, 
booktitle = {The Encyclopedia Americana}, 
publisher = {Americana Corporation}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {374-363}, 
year = {1960}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Bailey, M. and Hansen, Chuck and Elvins, T. Todd and Krogh, Mike}, 
title = {Introduction to Scientific Visualization: Tools and Techniques}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Baker, Ann and Baker, Johnny}, 
title = {Raps and Rhymes and Maths}, 
publisher = {Eleanor Curtain Publishing}, 
address = {Armadale, Victoria, Australia}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Bamberger, Jeanne}, 
title = {Action Knowledge and Symbolic Knowledge: The Computer as Mediator}, 
booktitle = {High Technology and Low-Income Communities: Prospects for the positive use of advanced information technology}, 
editor = {Schšn, Donald A. and Sanyal, Bish and Mitchell, William J.}, 
publisher = {MIT Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Bamberger, Jeanne Shapiro}, 
title = {The Mind behind the Musical Ear: How Children Develop Musical Intelligence}, 
publisher = {Harvard University Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Bareiss, Ray and Beckwith, Richard}, 
title = {Advise the President: A Hypermedia System for Teaching Contemporary American History}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Bareiss, Ray and Osgood, Richard}, 
title = {Applying AI models to the design of exploratory hypermedia systems}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Hypertext}, 
pages = {94-105}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Barker, Lecia Jane and Garvin-Doxas, Kathy and Jackson, Michele}, 
title = {Defensive climate in the computer science education}, 
booktitle = {The Proceedings of the Thirty-third SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, 2002}, 
editor = {Knox, Deborah}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {43-47}, 
year = {2002}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Barron, Brigid J.S. and Schwartz, Daniel L. and Vye, Nancy J. and Moore, Allison and Petrosino, Anthony and Zech, Linda and Bransford, John D. and Vanderbilt, The Cognition and Technology Group at}, 
title = {Doing with understanding: Lessons from research on problem- and project-based learning}, 
journal = {Journal of the Learning Sciences}, 
volume = {7}, 
number = {3&4}, 
pages = {271-310}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Barrows, H.S.}, 
title = {A taxonomy of problem-based learning methods}, 
journal = {Medical Education}, 
volume = {20}, 
pages = {481-486}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Barstow, David R. and Shrobe, Howard E. and Sandewall, Erik}, 
title = {Interactive Programming Environments}, 
year = {1984}, 
location = {New York}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Barton, P.I. and Pantelides, C.C.}, 
title = {The Modelling of Combined Discrete/Continuous Processes}, 
journal = {AI & Chemical Engineering Journal}, 
volume = {40}, 
pages = {966-979}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Bell, Benjamin}, 
title = {When Less is More: Supporting Authoring and Interface Building via Special-Purpose Task Models}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the World Conference on AI in Education}, 
address = {Washington, DC}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Bell, John E. and Linn, Marcia C. and Clancy, Michael}, 
title = {Knowledge integration in introductory programming: CodeProbe and Interactive Case Studies}, 
journal = {Interactive Learning Environments}, 
volume = {4}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {75-95}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Bell, Phil and Davis, Elizabeth}, 
title = {Designing an activity in the Knowledge Integration Environment}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { Linn}}

@Inbook{,
author = {Bell, Phil and Davis, Elizabeth and Linn, Marcia C.}, 
title = {The Knowledge Integration Environment: Theory and Design}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Computer Support for Collaborative Learning 1995 Conference}, 
editor = {Koschmann, Tim}, 
address = {Bloomington, IN}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Belland, J.}, 
title = {The inverse tool principle.}, 
journal = {Educational Communication and Technology Journal}, 
volume = {33}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {51-57}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Bellezza, Francis S. and Bower, Gordon H.}, 
title = {The representational and processing characteristics of scripts}, 
journal = {Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society}, 
volume = {18}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {1-4}, 
year = {1981}, 
abstract = {It is concluded that memory schemata may affect the storage of information both by providing an ideational scaffolding for new information relevant to the schema and by influencing the degree of processing that relevant vs nonrelevant information receives.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Bereiter, Carl and Scardamalia, Marlene}, 
title = {The Psychology of Written Composition}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Bereiter, Carl and Scardamalia, Marlene}, 
title = {Intentional learning as a goal of instruction}, 
booktitle = {Knowing, Learning, and Instruction: Essays in Honor of Robert Glaser}, 
editor = {Resnick, Lauren B.}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
pages = {361-392}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Berger, Carl and Dershimer, Charles}, 
title = {Using microcomputer supported instruction to meet differing learning modes}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Berners-Lee, Tim and Cailliau, Robert and Luotonen, Ari and Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk and Secret, Arther}, 
title = {The world-wide web}, 
journal = {Communications of the ACM}, 
volume = {37}, 
number = {8}, 
pages = {76-82}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { Mosaic, WWW, URL, HTML, HTML+}}

@phdthesis{,
author = {Bertz, Michael}, 
title = {Situated Learning Methodologies and Assessment in Civil Engineering Structures Education}, 
school = {Georgia Institute of Technology}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Bhavnani, Suresh}, 
title = {Learning FEA by computer}, 
journal = {Computer-Aided Engineering}, 
volume = {10}, 
pages = {72-74}, 
year = {1991}, 
abstract = {Intergraph Corp has developed a pilot computer program tutorial to teach inexperienced engineers finite-element analysis called I/ExperTutor-FEM. The program uses an expert system to allow novices access to the knowledge usually acquired through years of experience, without relying on the availability of senior engineers. Expert systems are designed like data bases to store and access knowledge, commonly organized through rules. Rules are chained or linked together to reach a goal. I/ExperTutor-FEM teaches engineers how to reach goals and at the end of the session provides a recommendation. Intergraph plans to make other tutors available. Now under development is a tutor for modeling mechanical design parts.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Bielaczyc, Katerine and Pirolli, Peter and Brown, Ann L.}, 
title = {The effects of training in explanation strategies on the acquisition of programming skills}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Bielaczyc, Katerine and Recker, Margaret M.}, 
title = {Learning to learn: The implications of strategy instruction in computer programming}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Conference on Learning Sciences}, 
year = {1991}, 
abstract = {good discussion of learning design}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Biermann, A.}, 
title = {Great Ideas in Computer Science}, 
publisher = {MIT Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Biermann, Alan W.}, 
title = {Great Ideas in Computer Science: A Gentle Introduction}, 
publisher = {MIT Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Blumenfeld, Phyllis and Berger, Carl and Maehr, Martin and Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {Science teaching and learning center}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Blumenfeld, Phyllis and Krajcik, Joseph S. and Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {Proposal for IByD}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Blumenfeld, Phyllis C.}, 
title = {The task and the teacher: Enhancing student thoughtfulness in science}, 
booktitle = {Advances in Research on Teaching}, 
editor = {Brophy, Jere}, 
publisher = {JAI Press}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Blumenfeld, Phyllis C. and Mergendoller, John R. and Swarthout, Donald W.}, 
title = {Task as a heuristic for understanding student learning and motivation}, 
journal = {Journal of Curriculum Studies}, 
volume = {19}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {135-148}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Blumenfeld, Phyllis C. and Soloway, Elliot and Marx, Ronald W. and Krajcik, Joseph S. and Guzdial, Mark and Palincsar, Annemari}, 
title = {Motivating project-based learning: Sustaining the doing, supporting the learning}, 
journal = {Educational Psychologist}, 
volume = {26}, 
number = {3 & 4}, 
pages = {369-398}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Boehm-Davis, Deborah A.}, 
title = {Software Comprehension}, 
booktitle = {Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction}, 
editor = {Helander, Martin}, 
publisher = {Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.}, 
address = {Amsterdam; New York}, 
pages = {107-121}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Bolter, Jay David}, 
title = {Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Bonar, Jeffrey and Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {Pre-programming knowledge: A major source of misconceptions in novice programmers}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Booch, Grady}, 
title = {Object Oriented Design}, 
publisher = {Benjamin/Cummings}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Borenstein, N.S. and Thyberg, C.A.}, 
title = {Power, ease of use, and cooperative work in a practical multimedia message system}, 
journal = {International Journal of Man-Machine Studies}, 
volume = {34}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {229-259}, 
year = {1991}, 
abstract = {The 'Messages' program, the high-end interface to the Andrew Message System (AMS), is a multimedia mail and bulletin board reading program that novices generally learn to use in less than an hour. Despite the initial simplicity, however, Messages is extremely powerful and manages to satisfy the needs of both experts and novices through a carefully evolved system of novice-oriented defaults, expert-oriented options and a help system and option-setting facility designed to ease the transition from new user to sophisticated expert. The advanced features of the system facilitate types of cooperative work that are not possible with other mail or bulletin board systems, but which would also be impossible in large heterogeneous communities if the system were not so easily used by both novices and experts. A major example of such cooperative work is the Andrew Advisor system, a highly-evolved and sophisticated system that uses the AMS to solve the problems of distributed support for a very diverse user community in a heterogeneous computing environment. The evolution of the Advisor system and its uses of the AMS mechanisms are considered as a detailed example of the power and limitations of the AMS}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Borne, I. and Girardot, C.}, 
title = {Object-oriented programming in primary classrooms}, 
journal = {Computers & Education}, 
volume = {16}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {93-98}, 
year = {1991}, 
abstract = {Object-oriented programming allows one to pose and solve a problem differently from classical programming. In many situations there exists an easy correspondence between a real world object and a computational object, thus object-oriented programming has its place in learning with computers. The Smalltalk-80 environment is too complex and poorly suited for novices, but it is a powerful tool for developing interfaces and interactive environments. Thus, the authors have used it to define an object-oriented programming environment aiming at two goals: to explore curricula and through them, to discover and use object and class concepts. This environment is defined as a layer on Smalltalk-80, whose dialog is in French. It gives children and educators a first access to object-oriented programming, especially by providing interactive tools to define classes of objects and complex objects. The authors compare this approach for primary school with previous work done with Logo}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Bottino, Rosa Maria and Chiappini, Giampaolo and Ferrari, Pier Luigi}, 
title = {A hypermedia system for interactive problem solving in arithmetic}, 
journal = {Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia}, 
volume = {3}, 
number = {3/4}, 
pages = {302-326}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Boulanger, Richard}, 
title = {The CSound Book: Perspectives in Synthesis, Sound Design, Signal Processing, and Programming}, 
year = {2000}, 
location = {Cambridge, MA}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Bourne, S. R.}, 
title = {The UNIX shell}, 
journal = {The Bell System Technical Journal}, 
volume = {57}, 
number = {6}, 
pages = {1971-1990}, 
year = {1978}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Brade, Kathleen}, 
title = {IByD, Instruction by Design}, 
year = {1993}, 
location = {Ann Arbor}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Brade, Kathy and Guzdial, Mark and Steckel, Mark and Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {Whorf: A visualization tool for software maintenance}, 
journal = {International Journal on Software and Knowledge Engineering}, 
volume = {4}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {1-16}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Brady, Holly}, 
title = {The 1992-93 Technology & Learning Magazine Software Awards}, 
journal = {Technology & Learning}, 
volume = {November/December}, 
pages = {13-30}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Brandenburg, Jeff and Byerly, Boyce and Dobridge, Tom and Lin, Jinkun and Rajan, Dharmaraja and Roscoe, Timothy}, 
title = {Artefact: A framework for low-overhead web-based collaborative systems}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings CSCW98}, 
editor = {Poltrock, Stephen and Grudin, Jonathan}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Seattle, Washington, USA}, 
pages = {189-196}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Branscomb, Lewis}, 
title = {From Desktop to Teraflop: Exploiting the U.S. Lead in High Performance Computing}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Bransford, John and Sherwood, R. and Vye, N. and Rieser, J.}, 
title = {Teaching thinking and problem solving}, 
journal = {American Psychologist}, 
volume = {41}, 
number = {10}, 
pages = {1078-1089}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { Scaffolding}}

@Inbook{,
author = {Bransford, John D. and Stein, Barry S. and Arbitman-Smith, Ruth and Vye, Nancy J.}, 
title = {Improving thinking and learning skills: An analysis of three approaches}, 
booktitle = {Thinking and learning skills}, 
editor = {Segal, J. and Chipman, S. and Glaser, R.}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
pages = {133-206}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Bransford, John D. and Vye, N. J. and Adams, L. T. and Perfetto, G. A.}, 
title = {Learning skills and the acquisition of knowledge}, 
booktitle = {Foundations for a Psychology of Education}, 
editor = {Lesgold, Alan and Glaser, Robert}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
pages = {199-251}, 
year = {1989}, 
abstract = {"Although people can learn by being told, they rarely apply the told knowledge and skills in a new context unless explicitly reminded to do so" - Lin, 1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Brasell, Heather}, 
title = {The effect of real-time laboratory graphing on learning graphic representations of distance and velocity}, 
journal = {Journal of Research in Science Teaching}, 
volume = {24}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {385-395}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { MBL}}

@Inbook{,
author = {Breuker, Joost}, 
title = {Learning construction problem solving}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Conference on Learning Sciences}, 
year = {1991}, 
abstract = {good discussion of learning design}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Brodlie, K.W. and Carpenter, L.A. and Earnshaw, R.A. and Gallop, J.R. and Hubbold, R.J. and Mumford, A.M. and Osland, C.D. and Quarendon, P.}, 
title = {Scientific Visualization: Techniques and Applications}, 
publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, 
address = {Berlin}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Brooks, Jr., F.P.}, 
title = {No Silver Bullet}, 
journal = {IEEE Comput.}, 
volume = {20}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {10-19}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Brostow, Gabriel and Essa, Irfan}, 
title = {Motion-based Video Decompositing}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Brown, A. L. and Bransford, J. D. and Ferrara, R. A. and Campione, J. C.}, 
title = {Learning, remembering, and understanding}, 
booktitle = {Handbook of Child Psychology: Cognitive Development}, 
editor = {Kessen, W.}, 
publisher = {Wiley}, 
address = {New York, NY}, 
pages = {77-166}, 
year = {1983}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Brown, Ann L.}, 
title = {Design Experiments: Theoretical and methodological challenges in creating complex interventions in classroom settings}, 
journal = {The Journal of the Learning Sciences}, 
volume = {2}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {141-178}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Brown, Ann L. and Palincsar, Annemarie S.}, 
title = {Guided, cooperative learning and individual knowledge acquisition}, 
booktitle = {Knowing, Learning, and Instruction: Essays in Honor of Robert Glaser}, 
editor = {Resnick, Lauren B.}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
pages = {393-452}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Brown, John Seely and Collins, Alan and Duguid, Paul}, 
title = {Situated cognition and the culture of learning}, 
journal = {Educational Researcher}, 
volume = {18}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {32-42}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Brown, John Seely and Duguid, Paul}, 
title = {Universities in the Digital Age}, 
journal = {Change}, 
volume = {July/August}, 
pages = {11-19}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Brown, Marc}, 
title = {Perspectives on algorithm animation}, 
journal = {Proceedings of SIGCHI'89}, 
pages = { pp. 33-38}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Bruckman, Amy}, 
title = {Programming for Fun: MUDs as a Context for Collaborative Learning}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the National Educational Computing Conference}, 
publisher = {International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE)}, 
address = {Eugene, OR}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Bruckman, Amy}, 
title = {The Design of Thoughtful Virtual Communities}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Bruckman, Amy}, 
title = {Community support for constructionist learning}, 
journal = {Computer Supported Collaborative Work: The Journal of Collaborative Computing}, 
volume = {7}, 
pages = {47-86}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Bruckman, Amy}, 
title = {Situated support for learning: Storm's weekend with Rachael}, 
journal = {Journal of the Learning Sciences}, 
volume = {9}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {329-372}, 
year = {2000}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Bruckman, Amy and Jensen, Carlos and DeBonte, Austina}, 
title = {Gender and programming achievement in a CSCL environment}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2002 Computer Supported Collaborative Learning conference}, 
editor = {Stahl, Gerry}, 
publisher = {University of Colorado at Boulder}, 
address = {Boulder, CO}, 
pages = {In-Press}, 
year = {2001}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Bruckman, Amy and Resnick, Mitchel}, 
title = {The MediaMOO Project: Constructionism and Professional Community}, 
journal = {Convergence}, 
volume = {1}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {94-109}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@phdthesis{,
author = {Bruckman, Amy S.}, 
title = {MOOSE Crossing: Construction, Community and Learning in a Networked Virtual World for Kids}, 
school = {MIT}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Bruer, John T.}, 
title = {Schools for Thought: A Science of Learning in the Classroom}, 
publisher = {MIT Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Bruner, Jerome}, 
title = {Vygotsky: A historical and conceptual perspective}, 
booktitle = {Culture communication and cognition: Vygotskian perspectives}, 
editor = {Wertsch, E.}, 
publisher = {???}, 
pages = {21-34}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Bruner, Jerome}, 
title = {Narratives and the Construction of Realities}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Brunner, Cornelia and Hawkins, Jan and Mann, Frankie and Moeller, Babette}, 
title = {Designing Inquire}, 
booktitle = {Design for Learning}, 
editor = {Bowen, Barbara}, 
publisher = {Apple Computer}, 
address = {Cupertino, CA}, 
pages = {27-35}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Budge, Bill}, 
title = {Pinball Construction Set}, 
year = {1981}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Burkman, Ernest}, 
title = {Probing the Natural World: Intermediate Science Curriculum Study}, 
year = {1970}, 
location = {Morristown, NJ}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Burton, Richard R. and Brown, John Seely}, 
title = {A tutoring and student modeling paradigm for gaming environments}, 
journal = {ACM SIGCSE Bulletin}, 
volume = {8}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {236-246}, 
year = {1976}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Burton, Richard R. and Brown, John Seely}, 
title = {An investigation of computer coaching for informal learning activities}, 
journal = {International Journal of Man-Machine Studies}, 
volume = {11}, 
pages = {5-24}, 
year = {1979}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Button, Graham and Dourish, Paul}, 
title = {Technomethodology: Paradoxes and possibilities}, 
booktitle = {CHI96 Conference Proceedings}, 
editor = {Trauber, Michael J.}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada}, 
pages = {19-26}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Byrne, Michael and Guzdial, Mark and Ram, Preetha and Catrambone, Richard and Ram, Ashwin and Stasko, John and Shippey, Gordon and Albrecht, Florian}, 
editor = {Edelson, Daniel and Domeshek, Eric}, 
title = {The Role of Student Tasks in Accessing Cognitive Media Types}, 
address = {Evanston, IL}, 
pages = {114-119}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Snow, C. P.}, 
title = {The Two Cultures}, 
publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@phdthesis{,
author = {Cafolla, R.}, 
title = {The Relationship of Piagetian Formal Operations and Other Cognitive Factors to Computer Programming Ability}, 
school = {Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida.}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Calder, Paul R. and Linton, Mark A.}, 
title = {Glyphs: Flyweight objects for user interfaces}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Snowbird, UT}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Carbonell, Jaime R.}, 
title = {AI in CAI: An artificial intelligence approach to computer-assisted instruction}, 
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Man-Machine Systems}, 
volume = {11}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {190-202}, 
year = {1970}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Card, Stuart K. and MacKinlay, Jock D. and Shneiderman, Ben}, 
title = {Readings in Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think}, 
publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {2000}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Card, Stuart K. and Moran, Thomas P. and Newell, Allen}, 
title = {The Pyschology of Human-Computer Interaction}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
year = {1983}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Card, Stuart K. and Robertson, George G. and York, William}, 
title = {The WebBook and the Web Forager: An information workspace for the World-Wide Web}, 
booktitle = {CHI96 Conference Proceedings}, 
editor = {Tauber, Michael J.}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Vancouver, BC}, 
pages = {111-117}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Carlson, David and Guzdial, Mark and Kehoe, Colleen and Shah, Viren and Stasko, John}, 
title = {WWW Interactive Learning Environments for Computer Science Education}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Philadelphia, PA}, 
pages = {290-294}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Carpenter, Thomas P. and Fennema, Elizabeth and Franke, Mega Loef and Levi, Linda and Empson, Susan B.}, 
title = {Children's Mathematics: Cognitive Guided Instruction}, 
publisher = {Heinemann}, 
address = {Portsmouth, NH}, 
year = {1999}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Carroll, John and Koenenmann-Belliveau, Jurgen and Rosson, Mary Beth and Singley, Mark}, 
title = {Critical incidents and critical threads in empirical usability evaluation}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Carroll, John M.}, 
title = {Mental models and software human factors: An overview}, 
year = {1984}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Carroll, John M. and Alpert, S. R. and Karat, J. and Deusen, M.D. Van and Rosson, Mary Beth}, 
title = {Capturing design history and rationale in multimedia narratives}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of CHI'94: Human Factors in Computing Systems}, 
publisher = {ACM Press/Addison-Wesley}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {192-197}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Carroll, John M. and Carrithers, Caroline}, 
title = {Blocking learner error states in a training-wheels system}, 
journal = {Human Factors}, 
volume = {26}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {377-389}, 
year = {1984}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Carroll, John M. and Carrithers, Caroline}, 
title = {Training wheels in a user interface}, 
journal = {Communications of the ACM}, 
volume = {27}, 
number = {8}, 
pages = {800-806}, 
year = {1984}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Carroll, John M. and Mack, Robert L. and Kellogg, Wendy A.}, 
title = {Interface metaphors and user interface design}, 
booktitle = {Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction}, 
editor = {Helander, Martin}, 
publisher = {Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.}, 
address = {Amsterdam; New York}, 
pages = {67-85}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth}, 
title = {Deliberated evolution: Stalking the View Matcher in design space}, 
journal = {Human-Computer Interaction}, 
volume = {6}, 
pages = {281-318}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth}, 
title = {Managing evaluation goals for training}, 
journal = {Communications of the ACM}, 
volume = {38}, 
number = {7}, 
pages = {40-47}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth and Cohill, A.M. and Schorger, J.}, 
title = {Building a history of the Blacksburg Electronic Village}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Designing Interactive Systems}, 
publisher = {ACM Press}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {To appear}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth and Singley, Mark K.}, 
title = {The collaboration thread: A formative evaluation of object-oriented education}, 
booktitle = {Empirical Studies of Programmers: Fifth Workshop}, 
editor = {Cook, Curtis R. and Scholtz, Jean C. and Spohrer, James C.}, 
publisher = {Ablex}, 
address = {Norwood, NJ}, 
pages = {26-41}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Carroll, John M. and Singer, J.A. and Bellamy, R.K.E. and Alpert, S.R.}, 
title = {A View Matcher for learning Smalltalk}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of CHI'90: Human Factors in Computing Systems}, 
editor = {Chew, J.C. and Whiteside, J.}, 
publisher = {ACM Press}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {431-437}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Carroll, John M. and Smith-Kerker, Penny L. and Ford, Jim R. and Mazur, Sandra A.}, 
title = {The minimal manual}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@phdthesis{,
author = {Carver, Sharon M.}, 
title = {Transfer of LOGO debugging skill: Analysis, instruction, and assessment}, 
school = {Carnegie-Mellon University}, 
address = {Pittsburgh, PA.}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Carver, Sharon M. and Lehrer, Richard and Connell, Tim and Erickson, Julie}, 
title = {Learning by hypermedia design: Issues of assessment and implementation}, 
journal = {Educational Psychologist}, 
volume = {27}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {385-404}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Champagne, Audrey B. and Gunstone, Richard F. and Klopfer, Leopold E.}, 
title = {Effecting changes in cognitive structures among physics students}, 
booktitle = {Cognitive Structure and Conceptual Change}, 
editor = {West, Leo H. T. and Pines, A. Leon}, 
publisher = {Academic Press}, 
address = {Orlando, FL}, 
pages = {163-188}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Champagne, Audrey B. and Gunstone, Richard F. and Klopfer, Leopold E.}, 
title = {Instructional consequences of students' knowledge about physical phenomena}, 
booktitle = {Cognitive Structure and Conceptual Change}, 
editor = {West, Leo H. T. and Pines, A. Leon}, 
publisher = {Academic Press}, 
address = {Orlanda}, 
pages = {61-90}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Chappel, Helen and Wilson, Michael}, 
title = {Knowledge-based design of graphical responses}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1993 International Workshop on Intelligent User Interfaces}, 
editor = {Gray, Wayne D. and Hefley, William E. and Murray, Dianne}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {29-36}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Charette, Robert N.}, 
title = {Software Engineering Environments}, 
publisher = {Intertext/McGraw-Hill}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Chernicoff, Stephen}, 
title = {Macintosh Revealed: Programming with the Toolbox}, 
volume = {2}, 
publisher = {Hayden Books}, 
address = {Indianapolis, IN}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Chi, M.T.H.}, 
title = {Conceptual change within and across ontological categories: Examples from learning and discovery in science}, 
booktitle = {Cognitive Models of Science: Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science}, 
editor = {Giere, R.}, 
publisher = {University of Minnesota Press}, 
address = {Minneapolis, MN}, 
pages = {129-160}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Chi, M.T.H. and Bassok, M. and Lewis, M. and Reimman, P. and Glaser, Robert}, 
title = {Self-explanations: How students study and use examples in learning to solve problems}, 
journal = {Cognitive Science}, 
volume = {13}, 
pages = {145-182}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Chmura, Alan}, 
title = {Tools to align goals and information systems}, 
journal = {IEEE Software}, 
volume = {5}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {108-110}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Christel, Michael G. and Olligschlaeger, Andreas M. and Huang, Chang}, 
title = {Interactive maps for a digital video library}, 
journal = {IEEE Multimedia}, 
volume = {7}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {60-67}, 
year = {2000}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Clancy, Michael and Stasko, John and Guzdial, Mark and Fincher, Sally and Dale, Nell}, 
title = {Models and Areas for Computer Science Education Research}, 
journal = {Computer Science Education}, 
volume = {11}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {323-341}, 
year = {2001}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Clancy, Mike and Stasko, John and Guzdial, Mark and Fincher, Sally and Dale, Nell}, 
title = {Models and areas for CS education research}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of ACM SIGCSE}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {New York, NY}, 
year = {2001}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Clark, Carl and Yinger, B.}, 
title = {Teacher planning}, 
booktitle = {Exploring teacher's thinking}, 
editor = {Calderhead, J.}, 
publisher = {Cassell}, 
address = {London}, 
pages = {84-103}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Clark, Richard E.}, 
title = {Reconsidering research on learning from media}, 
journal = {Review of Educational Research}, 
volume = {53}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {539-552}, 
year = {1983}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Coad, Peter and Nicola, Jill}, 
title = {Object-Oriented Programming}, 
publisher = {Yourdon Press, Prentice-Hall}, 
address = {Englewood Cliffs, NJ}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Cohen, Elizabeth G.}, 
title = {Restructing the classroom: Conditions for productive small groups}, 
journal = {Review of Educational Research}, 
volume = {64}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {3-35}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Coleman, Robert J.}, 
title = {The Engineering Education Coalitions}, 
journal = {ASEE Prism}, 
volume = {N September}, 
pages = {24-31}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Collaborative Software Lab (Guzdial, Kehoe, Realff, Morley, Ludovice, et al.)}, 
title = {A Catalog of CoWeb Uses}, 
year = {2000}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Collins, Alan and Brown, John Seely}, 
title = {The computer as a tool for learning through reflection}, 
booktitle = {Learning Issues for Intelligent Tutoring Systems}, 
editor = {Mandl, H. and Lesgold, A.}, 
publisher = {Springer}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {1-18}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Collins, Alan and Hawkins, Jan and Carver, Sharon M.}, 
title = {A cognitive apprenticeship for disadvantaged students}, 
booktitle = {Teaching advanced skills to disadvantaged students}, 
editor = {Means, B.}, 
publisher = {Ablex}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Collins, Alan and Newman, Denis}, 
title = {Using computers to teach elementary school science}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Collins, Allan}, 
title = {Cognitive apprenticeship and instructional technology}, 
booktitle = {Dimensions of Thinking and Cognitive Instruction}, 
editor = {Jones, Beau Fly and Idol, Lorna}, 
publisher = {Erlbaum and Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
pages = {121-138}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Collins, Allan and Brown, John Seely and Newman, Susan E.}, 
title = {Cognitive apprenticeship: Teaching the craft of reading, writing, and mathematics}, 
booktitle = {Knowing, Learning, and Instruction: Essays in Honor of Robert Glaser}, 
editor = {Resnick, Lauren B.}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
pages = {453-494}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { scaffolding}}

@Article{,
author = {Confrey, Jere}, 
title = {Steering a course between Vygotsky and Piaget}, 
journal = {Educational Researcher}, 
pages = { 28-32}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Conklin, J.}, 
title = {Hypertext: An introduction and survey}, 
journal = {IEEE Computer}, 
volume = {20}, 
number = {9}, 
pages = {17-41}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Conklin, J. and Begeman, M.L.}, 
title = {gIBIS: A hypertext tool for exploratory policy discussion}, 
journal = {ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems}, 
volume = {6}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {303-331}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Cooke, Nancy J. and Schvaneveldt, ROger W.}, 
title = {Effects of computer programming experience on network representations of abstract programming concepts}, 
journal = {ijmms}, 
volume = {29}, 
pages = {407-427}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Corno, L. and Snow, R.}, 
title = {Adapting teaching to indvidual differences among learners}, 
booktitle = {Handbook of Research on Teaching}, 
editor = {Wittrock, M.}, 
publisher = {Macmillan}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Corno, Lyn}, 
title = {The metacognitive control components of self-regulated learning}, 
journal = {Contemporary educational psychology}, 
volume = {11}, 
pages = {333-346}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Cote, Raymond}, 
title = {Imaging the world}, 
journal = {Byte}, 
volume = {18}, 
pages = {181-182}, 
year = {1993}, 
abstract = {Imagine That Inc's $695 Extend+Manufacturing 2.0 simulation tool for the Macintosh is an effective simulation package that lets both professionals and novices explore real-world problems. The program features a set of well-stocked component libraries that include discrete and continuous events, animation and plotting, and which address problems in a range of areas, including as business, finance, science and engineering. Extend also provides hierarchical blocks that clarify the mass of unreadable lines and boxes resulting from the use of graphical development tools. Although the blocks work well, they do not communicate the process efficiently because too many details get in the way. Another criticism of the program is that its tutorials are limited. However, Extend is very easy to learn, and it provides good graphics presentation, extensibility and hierarchical designs.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Craig, David and ul-Haq, Saif and Khan, Sabir and Zimring, Craig and Kehoe, Colleen and Rick, Jochen and Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Using an unstructured collaboration tool to support peer interaction in large college classes}, 
address = {Ann Arbor, MI}, 
pages = {178-184}, 
year = {2000}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Cuban, Larry}, 
title = {How the Scholars Trumped the Teachers}, 
publisher = {Teachers College Press}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {1999}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Cunningham, Donald J. and Duffy, Thomas M. and Knuth, Randy A.}, 
title = {The textbook of the future}, 
booktitle = {HyperText: A Psychological Perspective}, 
editor = {McKnight, C. and Dillon, A. and Richardson, J.}, 
publisher = {Ellis Horwood}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {19-50}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Cunningham, Jeffrey Bonar and Richard}, 
title = {BRIDGE: A programming environment for novice programmers}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Cunningham, Ward}, 
title = {What gets protected in a (S)Wiki}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Cunningham, Ward and Leuf, Bo}, 
title = {The Wiki Way}, 
publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, 
address = {Reading, MA}, 
year = {2001}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Curtis, Pavel}, 
title = {LambdaMOO Programmer's Manual}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Cypher, Allen}, 
title = {The structure of users' activities}, 
booktitle = {User Centered System Design}, 
editor = {Norman, Donald A. and Draper, Stephen W.}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Cziko, Gary A.}, 
title = {Purposeful behavior as the control of perception: Implications for educational research}, 
journal = {Educational Researcher}, 
volume = {21}, 
number = {9}, 
pages = {10-18}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Dadson, Philip and McGlashan, Don}, 
title = {The From Scratch Rhythm Workbook}, 
publisher = {Heinemann}, 
address = {Portsmouth, NH}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Dalbey, John and Linn, Marcia C.}, 
title = {The demands and requirements of computer programming: A literature review}, 
journal = {Journal of Educational Computing Research}, 
volume = {1}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {253-274}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Daniel, John S.}, 
title = {Mega-Universities and Knowledge Media: Technology Strategies for Higher Education}, 
publisher = {Kogan Page}, 
address = {London}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Davenport, Glorianna}, 
title = {Curious learning, cultural bias, and the learning curve}, 
journal = {IEEE Multimedia}, 
volume = {5}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {14-19}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Smith, David Canfield and Cypher, Allen and Spohrer, Jim}, 
title = {KidSim: Programming agents without a programming language}, 
journal = {Communications of the ACM}, 
volume = {37}, 
number = {7}, 
pages = {55-67}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Davis, James R. and Huttenlocher, Daniel P.}, 
title = {Shared Annotation for Cooperative Learning}, 
booktitle = {CSCL'95 Proceedings}, 
editor = {Schnase, John L. and Cunnius, Edward L.}, 
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year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Gardner, Howard}, 
title = {Frames of mind}, 
publisher = {Basic Books}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {1983}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Gardner, Howard}, 
title = {Assessment in context: An alternative to standardized testing}, 
booktitle = {Changing Assessments: Alternative Views of Aptitude, Achievement, and Instruction}, 
editor = {Gifford, Bernard R. and O'Connor, Mary Catherine}, 
publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, 
address = {Boston}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Garlan, David and Miller, Philip}, 
title = {Gnome: An introductory programming environment based on a family of structure editors}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Software Engineering Symposium on Practical Software Development Environments}, 
publisher = {ACM-SIGSOFT/SIGPLAN}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {1984}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Gay, Geri and Grosz-Ngate, Maria}, 
title = {Collaborative design in a networked multimedia environment: Emerging communications patterns}, 
journal = {Journal of Research on Computing in Education}, 
volume = {26}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {418-432}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Gelman, R.}, 
title = {Preschool thought}, 
journal = {American Psychologist}, 
volume = {34}, 
pages = {900-905}, 
year = {1979}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Gelman, R. and Gallistel, C.R.}, 
title = {The Child's Understanding of Number}, 
publisher = {Harvard University Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
year = {1978}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Gentner, Dedre and Stevens, Albert B.}, 
title = {Mental Models}, 
volume = {Cognitive Science}, 
year = {1983}, 
location = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Gentner, Don and Nielsen, Jackob}, 
title = {The Anti-Mac Interface}, 
journal = {Communications of the ACM}, 
volume = {38}, 
number = {8}, 
pages = {70-82}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Gertzman, Alice D. and Kolodner, Janet L.}, 
editor = {Edelson, Daniel C. and Domeshek, Eric A.}, 
title = {A case study of problem-based learning in a middle school science classroom: Lessons learned}, 
publisher = {Charlottesville: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE)}, 
address = {Northwestern University}, 
pages = {91-98}, 
year = {1996}, 
abstract = {Research on teacher thinking within a construchvist framework emphasizes the relahonship between teacher beliefs about teaching and learning and effective classroom prachces. A project sponsored by the EduTech Institute at Georgia Tech provides training and support to middle- school teachers using problembased learning (PBL) in their science and matn classes, seeking also to enhance the role of technology in learning. This report of an ethnographic case study in one 8th- grade science class discusses the specific difficulties encountered in imptemenfing PBL and idenhfies coping strategies improvised by teacher and students in adapting to the unfamiliar roles and expectahons of the PBL approach. Classroom observahon and interviews with the teacher reveal the importance not only of training teachers in the appropriate classroom techniques but also of providing ongoing support as they develop context-sensihve PBL modules and acquire deeper understanding and acceptance of the philosophy underlying the new approach. Reflechon infuses the teaching and reaming processes, encouraging all participants to review both content knowledge and knowledge about learning.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Gibbs, N.E. and Fairlee, R.E.}, 
title = {Software Engineering Education: The Educational Needs of the Software Community}, 
year = {1987}, 
location = {New York}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Gick, M. L. and Holyoak, K. J.}, 
title = {Schema induction and analogical transfer}, 
journal = {Cognitive Psychology}, 
volume = {14}, 
pages = {1-38}, 
year = {1983}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Gick, M. L. and Holyoak, K. J.}, 
title = {The cognitive basis of knowledge transfer}, 
booktitle = {Transfer of learning: Contemporary research and applications}, 
editor = {Cormier, S. M. and Hagman, J. D.}, 
publisher = {Academic Press}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {9-46}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Gieskens, D. and Foley, James}, 
title = {Controlling user interface objects through pre- and postconditions}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings CHI'92 Đ SIGCHI 1992 Computer-Human Interaction Conference}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {189-194}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Gilbert, John K. and Watts, D. Michael and Osborne, Roger J.}, 
title = {Eliciting student views using an interview-about-instances technique}, 
booktitle = {Cognitive Structure and Conceptual Change}, 
editor = {West, Leo H.T. and Pines, A. Leon}, 
publisher = {Academic Press}, 
address = {Orlando}, 
pages = {11-27}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Gillan, D.J. and Breedin, S.D. and Cooke, N.J.}, 
title = {Network and multidimensional representations of the declarative knowledge of human-computer interface design experts}, 
journal = {International Journal of Man-Machine Studies}, 
volume = {36}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {587-615}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Girgensohn, Andreas}, 
title = {Modifier: Making systems end-user modifiable}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Gladieux, Lawrence E. and Swail, Watson Scott}, 
title = {The Virtual University and Educational Opportunity: Issues of Equity and Access for the Next Generation}, 
year = {1999}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Glaser, B.G. and Strauss, A.L.}, 
title = {The Discovery of Grounded Theory}, 
publisher = {Weidenfeld and Nicolson}, 
address = {London}, 
year = {1967}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Glaser, Robert}, 
title = {Components of a psychology of instruction: Toward a science of design}, 
journal = {Review of Educational Research}, 
volume = {46}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {1-24}, 
year = {1976}, 
abstract = {catch the tie to Simon's Sciences of the Artificial}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Glaser, Robert}, 
title = {Instructional psychology: Past, present, and future}, 
journal = {American Psychologist}, 
volume = {37}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {292-305}, 
year = {1982}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Gloor, P.A.}, 
title = {AACE: Algorithm animation for computer science education}, 
journal = {Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages}, 
pages = { 25-31}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Goel, Ashok K. and Garza, Andres Gomez de Silva and Grue, Nathalie and Murdock, J. William and Recker, Margaret M. and Govindaraj, T.}, 
title = {Towards design learning environments - I: Exploring how devices work}, 
address = {Universite de Montreal}, 
pages = {To appear}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Goldberg, Adele}, 
title = {Smalltalk in the classroom}, 
year = {1978}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Goldberg, Adele and Kay, Alan}, 
title = {Smalltalk-72 Instruction Manual}, 
year = {1976}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Goldberg, Adele and Robson, D.}, 
title = {Smalltalk-80: The Language and its Implementation}, 
publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, 
address = {Reading, MA}, 
year = {1983}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Goldenberg, E. Paul}, 
title = {The difference between graphing software and educational graphing software}, 
publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Goldenson, Dennis}, 
title = {The impact of structure editing on introductory computer science education: The results so far}, 
journal = {ACM/SIGCSE Bulletin}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Goldman-Segall, Ricki}, 
title = {Collaborative virtual communities: Using Learning Constellations, A Multimedia Ethnographic Research Tools}, 
booktitle = {Multimedia, Hypermedia, and the Social Construction of Knowledge}, 
editor = {Barett, E.}, 
publisher = {MIT Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
pages = {257-296}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Goldman-Segall, Ricki and Willinsky, John}, 
title = {Online collaborative research on the web}, 
publisher = {AACE}, 
address = {Calgary, Alberta}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Goldsmith, T.E. and Peder, J.J. and Acton, William H.}, 
title = {Assessing Structural Knowledge}, 
journal = {Journal of Educational Psychology}, 
volume = {83}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {88-96}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Goldsmith, Timothy E. and Johnson, Peter J. and Acton, William H.}, 
title = {Assessing structural knowledge}, 
journal = {Journal of Educational Psychology}, 
volume = {83}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {88-96}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Gong, Richard and Elkerton, Jay}, 
title = {Designing minimal documentation using a GOMS approach: A usability evaluation of an engineering approach}, 
booktitle = {CHI'90 Proceedings}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {99-106}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Good, Michael}, 
title = {The use of logging data in the design of a new text editor}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Goodman, Danny}, 
title = {The two faces of HyperCard}, 
journal = {MacWorld}, 
pages = { 122-129}, 
year = {1977}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Gould, Laura and Finzer, William}, 
title = {Programming by rehearsal}, 
year = {1984}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Grant, Wayne}, 
title = {Simulations and learning}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Gray, Mark and Badre, Albert and Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Visualizing usability log data}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings IEEE Visualization '96}, 
publisher = {IEEE}, 
address = {Atlanta}, 
pages = {93-98}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Gray, Wayne and Spohrer, James and Green, Thomas R.}, 
title = {End user programming language workshop papers}, 
year = {1992}, 
abstract = {Brooks, Edmonds, Hibino, Guzdial, Hudson, Letovsky, Marshburn, Moher, Myers, Nardi, Potter, Wolf, Sawyer, Graham, Spohrer, Green, Hoppe, Andreas, Anders, Koeneman, Kleiman, Kaehler}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Gray, Wayne D. and Byrnes, Santa A. and Goldberg, Neal C.}, 
title = {Struggling through with HyperCard: A study of end-user programming}, 
pages = { Draft}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Green, Doug and Gree, Denise}, 
title = {VIDI's Presenter fills 3-D gap}, 
journal = {InfoWorld}, 
volume = {14}, 
pages = {76-78}, 
year = {1992}, 
abstract = {Visual Information Development Inc's $3,600 Presenter Professional 1.1 computer graphics software offers three dimensional (3-D) and animation features in a program designed for experienced 3-D modelers. Presenter Professional offers impressive lighting effects, offering light that mimics a light bulb, the sun or a spotlight. Users can choose how light interacts with various surfaces. The program's documentation is inadequate and offers no tutorial. Those who are experienced with 3-D modeling will find the program relatively easy to use, however novices might have trouble getting started. The company offers unlimited, high-quality technical support, though Visual Information does not offer a toll-free telephone line.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Green, T. R. G.}, 
title = {Conditional program statements and comprehensibility to professional programmers}, 
journal = {Journal of Occupational Psychology}, 
volume = {50}, 
pages = {93-109}, 
year = {1977}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Green, T.R.G.}, 
title = {Pictures of programs and other processes, or how to do things with lines}, 
journal = {Behaviour and Information Technology}, 
volume = {1}, 
pages = {3-36}, 
year = {1982}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Green, Thomas R. and Petre, M. and Bellamy, R.}, 
title = {Comprehensibility of visual and textual programs: A test of superlativism against the 'match-mismatch' conjecture}, 
booktitle = {Empirical Studies of Programmers: Fourth Workshop}, 
editor = {Koenemann-Belliveau, J. and Moher, T. and Robertson, Scott}, 
publisher = {Ablex}, 
address = {Norwood, NJ}, 
year = {1991}, 
abstract = {A study measuring comprehension of dataflow visual programming languages was conducted on five subjects, and reported textual languages to be superior. For visual languages, both LabView 2, a commercial product by National Instruments Corp., and a generic visual dataflow representation were used. For the textual languages, two different kinds of pseudo-code were used. However, we do not feel it is possible to accurately measure comprehensibility of a dynamic visual language using only a static representation. (Pandey, 1993)}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Greenberger, Martin}, 
title = {Computers and the World of the Future}, 
publisher = {MIT Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
year = {1962}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Greeno, James G.}, 
title = {A perspective on thinking}, 
journal = {Americaon Psychologist}, 
volume = {44}, 
pages = {134-141}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { Teachers also encourage students to articulate what they are learning, which contributes to its further development. (cited by Carver, Lehrer, Connell, Erickson)}}

@Inbook{,
author = {Greer, Brian}, 
title = {Theories of mathematics education: The role of cognitive analyses}, 
booktitle = {Theories of Mathematical Learning}, 
editor = {Steffe, Leslie P. and Nesher, Pearla and Cobb, Paul and Goldin, Gerald A. and Greer, Brian}, 
publisher = {LEA}, 
address = {Mahwah, NJ}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Greer, James E. and Koehn, G. M.}, 
title = {The peculiarities of plan recognition for intelligent tutoring systems}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Griffin, William G.}, 
title = {Lessons learned in software reuse}, 
journal = {IEEE Software}, 
volume = {5}, 
number = {5}, 
pages = {11}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Grudin, Jonathan}, 
title = {Groupware and cooperative work: Problems and prospects}, 
booktitle = {The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design}, 
editor = {Laurel, Brenda}, 
publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, 
address = {Reading, MA}, 
pages = {171-185}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Grudin, Jonathan}, 
title = {Groupware and social dynamics: Eight challenges for developers}, 
booktitle = {Readings in Human-Computer Interaction: Toward the Year 2000}, 
editor = {Baecker, Ronald M. and Grudin, Jonathan and Buxton, William A.S. and Greenberg, Saul}, 
publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, 
address = {San Francisco}, 
pages = {762-774}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Guindon, Raymonde and Curtis, Bill}, 
title = {Control of cognitive processes during software design: What tools are needed?}, 
booktitle = {CHI'88: Conference Proceedings: Special Issue of the ACM/SIGCHI Bulletin}, 
pages = {263-268}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Object-oriented programming in education}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the National Educational Computing Conference}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Mailer page technical guide: A tour of the mailer page and a mailer page workshop}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Comparing stategy and performance between a computer-based and manipulative task}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Technological support for science learners programming in multiple media}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Technological support for science learners programming in multiple media}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {The Virtual Classroom}, 
volume = {Computer Currents}, 
pages = {16}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Centralized mindset: A student problem with object-oriented programming}, 
booktitle = {ACM SIGCSE Technical Symposium 1995}, 
publisher = {ACM Press}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {182-185}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Software-realized scaffolding to facilitate programming for science learning}, 
journal = {Interactive Learning Environments}, 
volume = {4}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {1-44}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Student articulation and reflection in Project LITERACY-HI's Hypermedia System}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Role of artifacts in programming and physics learning with Emile}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Explore-and-Retreat Patterns of Interface Customizations}, 
booktitle = {CHI97 Proceedings}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
pages = {Submitted}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {A Research Agenda for Interactive Learning Environments in an Advanced Technological Society}, 
journal = {Interactive Learning Environments}, 
volume = {To appear}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Technological support for an apprenticeship in object-oriented design and programming}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the OOPSLA'97 Educators Symposium}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Atlanta, GA}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Technological Support for Project-Based Learning}, 
booktitle = {ASCD Yearbook}, 
editor = {Dede, Chris and Palumbo, David}, 
publisher = {ASCD}, 
pages = {In Press}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {A shared command line in a virtual space: The WorkingMan's MOO}, 
booktitle = {UIST'97 Conference Proceedings}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Banff, Alberta, Canada}, 
pages = {73-74}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Information ecology of collaborations in educational settings: Influence of tool}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning'97}, 
editor = {Hall, R. and Miyake, N. and Enyedy, N.}, 
address = {Toronto, Ontario, Canada}, 
pages = {83-90}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Pluggable WebServer}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Making project-based learning work in undergraduate educational support: Lessons in computer-supported collaborative learning}, 
booktitle = {CALISCE'98: 4th International Conference on Computer Aided Learning and Instruction in Science and Engineering Proceedings}, 
editor = {AlvegŚrd, Christer}, 
publisher = {Chalmers University of Technology}, 
address = {Gšteborg, Sweden}, 
pages = {3-8}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Technological support for apprenticeship}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of WebNet 1998}, 
publisher = {American Association for Computers in Education}, 
address = {Orlando, FL}, 
pages = {362-267}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Collaborative websites to support an authoring community on the Web}, 
journal = {Journal of the Learning Sciences}, 
volume = {Submitted}, 
year = {1999}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Teacher and Student Authoring on the Web for Shifting Agency}, 
year = {1999}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Supporting Learners as Users}, 
journal = {The Journal of Computer Documentation}, 
volume = {23}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {3-13}, 
year = {1999}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Using Squeak for Teaching User Interface Software}, 
year = {2000}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Centralized mindset: A student problem with object-oriented programming}, 
journal = {Journal of Computer Science Education}, 
volume = {14}, 
number = {3&4 (April}, 
pages = {28-32}, 
year = {2001}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Using Squeak for Teaching User Interface Software}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of ACM SIG Computer Science Education}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Charlotte, NC}, 
pages = {219-223}, 
year = {2001}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Squeak: Object-oriented design with Multimedia Applications}, 
publisher = {Prentice-Hall}, 
address = {Englewood, NJ}, 
year = {2001}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Use of collaborative multimedia in computer science classes}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of Integrating Technology into Computer Science Education Conference}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Canterbury, UK}, 
pages = {17-20}, 
year = {2002}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Summary: Retention Rates in CS vs. Institution}, 
year = {2002}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark and Berger, Carl and Jones, Tricia and Horney, Mark and Anderson-Inman, Lynne and Winne, Philip H. and Nesbit, John}, 
title = {Analyzing student use of educational software with event recordings}, 
journal = {Journal of the Learning Sciences}, 
pages = { Submitted}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark and Carlson, David and Turns, Jennifer}, 
title = {Facilitating learning design with software-realized scaffolding for collaboration}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Frontiers in Education Conference}, 
publisher = {American Society for Engineering Education}, 
pages = {(Awarded honorable mention in the Best Paper Awards Competition.)}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark and Carroll, Karen}, 
title = {Exploring the lack of dialogue in computer-supported collaborative learning}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2002 Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning Conference}, 
editor = {Stahl, Gerry}, 
publisher = {University of Colorado at Boulder}, 
address = {Boulder, CO}, 
pages = {418-424}, 
year = {2002}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark and Elliot, Allison and McCracken, Mike}, 
title = {LCD: A Learner Centered Approach to Developing Educational Software}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of Frontiers in Education Conference}, 
publisher = {IEEE}, 
address = {Pittsburgh, PA}, 
pages = {702}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark and Greenlee, Jim}, 
title = {A Computer Music Implementation Course using Active Essays}, 
year = {2002}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark and Hay, Kenneth E. and Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {The MediaText Projects Book: Multimedia activities for the classroom}, 
year = {1994}, 
location = {Cresskill, NJ.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark and Hmelo, Cindy and Hźbscher, Roland and Nagel, Kris and Newstetter, Wendy and Puntembakar, Sadhana and Shabo, Amnon and Turns, Jennifer and Kolodner, Janet L.}, 
title = {Integrating and Guiding Collaboration: Lessons learned in computer-supported collaboration learning research at Georgia Tech}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning'97}, 
editor = {Hall, R. and Miyake, N. and Enyedy, N.}, 
address = {Toronto, Ontario, CANADA}, 
pages = {91-100}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark and Hźbscher, Roland and Kolodner, Janet L.}, 
title = {Designing Interfaces for Classroom Contexts}, 
booktitle = {CHI97 Conference Proceedings}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
pages = {Submitted}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark and Kafai, Yasmin}, 
title = {Learner-Centered Design: HCI Perspective for the Future}, 
booktitle = {DIS'95: Designing Interactive Systems Symposium}, 
editor = {Olson, Gary}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Ann Arbor}, 
pages = {143-147}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark and Kehoe, Colleen}, 
title = {An apprenticeship-based hypermedia to support learning design}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark and Kehoe, Colleen}, 
title = {Apprenticeship-based learning environments: A principled approach to providing software-realized scaffolding through hypermedia}, 
journal = {Journal of Interactive Learning Research}, 
volume = {9}, 
number = {3/4}, 
pages = {289-336}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark and Kehoe, Colleen and Turns, Jennifer}, 
title = {What We Know About Technological Support for Project-Based Learning}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Frontiers in Education Conference}, 
publisher = {IEEE}, 
address = {Philadelphia, PA}, 
pages = {918-922}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark and Kolodner, Janet L. and Hmelo, Cindy and Narayanan, Hari and Carlson, David and Rappin, Noel and Hźbscher, Roland and Turns, Jennifer and Newstetter, Wendy}, 
title = {Computer support for learning through complex problem-solving}, 
journal = {Communications of the ACM}, 
volume = {39}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {43-45}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark and Kolodner, Janet}, 
title = {A Design Education Workshop}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark and Konneman, Michael and Walton, Christopher and Hohmann, Luke and Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {Layering scaffolding and CAD on an integrated workbench: An effective design approach for project-based learning support}, 
journal = {Interactive Learning Environments}, 
volume = {6}, 
number = {1&2}, 
pages = {143-179}, 
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author = {Guzdial, Mark and Ludovice, Pete and Realff, Matthew and Morley, Tom and Carroll, Karen and Ladak, Akbar}, 
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year = {2001}, 
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@Inbook{,
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@Proceedings{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark and Rappin, Noel and Realff, Matthew and Ludovice, Pete}, 
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@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark and Realff, Matthew and Ludovice, Pete and Morley, Tom and Kerce, Clayton and Lyons, Eric and Sukel, Katherine}, 
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booktitle = {Proceedings of CSCL'99}, 
address = {Palo Alto, CA}, 
pages = {211-217}, 
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@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark and Reppy, John and Smith, Randall B.}, 
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year = {1992}, 
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@Article{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark and Rick, Jochen and Kehoe, Colleen}, 
title = {Beyond adoption to invention: Teacher-created collaborative activities in higher education}, 
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pages = {265-279}, 
year = {2001}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark and Rick, Jochen and Kerimbaev, Bolot}, 
title = {Recognizing and Supporting Roles in CSCW}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of CSCW'2000}, 
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year = {2000}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
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@Article{,
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@Article{,
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@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark and Soloway, Elliot and Blumenfeld, Phyllis and Hohmann, Luke and Ewing, Ken and Tabak, Iris and Brade, Kathy and Kafai, Yasmin}, 
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booktitle = {Learning to design, designing to learn: Using technology to transform the curriculum}, 
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@Inbook{,
author = {Guzdial, Mark and Turns, Jennifer}, 
title = {CSCL for Engineering: Scaling up Assessment}, 
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pages = {In press}, 
year = {1999}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
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year = {2000}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
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publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, 
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year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
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publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers}, 
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title = {Design support environment for end users}, 
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publisher = {Jones and Bartlett}, 
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year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

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@Article{,
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school = {University of Michigan}, 
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@phdthesis{,
author = {Harel, Idit}, 
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school = {MIT}, 
year = {1988}, 
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@Book{,
author = {Harel, Idit}, 
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author = {Hawkins, Evelyn F. and Stancavage, Frances B. and Dossey, John A.}, 
title = {School Policies and Practices Affecting Instruction in Mathematics: Findings from the National Assessment of Educational Progress}, 
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year = {1994}, 
keywords = { MediaText}}

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author = {Hay, Kenneth E.}, 
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author = {Heller, Rachelle S.}, 
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@Article{,
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author = {Henri, France}, 
title = {Computer conferencing and content analysis}, 
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@Article{,
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pages = {732-748}, 
year = {1992}, 
abstract = {Students should be taught "from the beginning...that in science 'modeling is the name of the game.'"}, 
keywords = { }}

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author = {Hestenes, David}, 
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@Inbook{,
author = {Hewitt, Jim and Teplovs, Chris}, 
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address = {Mahwah, NJ}, 
year = {1999}, 
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@phdthesis{,
author = {Hoadley, Christopher}, 
title = {Scaffolding scientific discussion using socially relevant representations in networked multimedia}, 
school = {School of Education, University of California at Berkeley}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

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@Inbook{,
author = {Hodges, Larry F. and Rothbaum, Barbara O. and Watson, Ben A. and Kessler, G.D. and Opdyke, D.}, 
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booktitle = {Proceedings of VRAIS'96}, 
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@Inbook{,
author = {Hohmann, Luke and Guzdial, Mark and Soloway, Elliot}, 
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@InProceedings{,
  author = 	 {Holloway-Attaway, Lissa},
  title = 	 {CoWeb/Collab: Collaboration and Community in Technology-Infused Writing Curricula},
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keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Instone, Keith and Teasley, Barbee Mynatt and Leventhal, Laura Marie}, 
title = {Empirically-based re-design of a hypertext encyclopedia}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Ivanov, Y. and Bobick, Aaron F.}, 
title = {Recognition of visual activities and interactions by stochastic parsing}, 
journal = {Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence}, 
volume = {22}, 
number = {8}, 
year = {2000}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Jackson, David F. and Edwards, B.J. and Berger, Carl F.}, 
title = {Teaching the design and interpretation of graphs through computer-assisted graphical data analysis}, 
journal = {Journal of Research in Science Teaching}, 
volume = {30}, 
number = {5}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Jackson, Shari L. and Stratford, Steve and Krajcik, Joseph and Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {Model-It: A case study of learner-centered software for supporting model building}, 
publisher = {The National Center for Science Teaching and Learning}, 
address = {Columbus, OH}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Jackson, Shari L. and Stratford, Steve J. and Krajcik, Joseph and Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {Learner-centered software design to support students building models}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Jacobson, Michael J. and Archodidou, A.}, 
title = {Case-based hypermedia learning environments and conceptual change: The evolution of understands about evolution}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {James, Jeffrey M. and Sanderson, Penelope M.}, 
title = {Heuristic and statistical support for protocol analysis with SHAPA Version 2.01}, 
journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers}, 
volume = {23}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {449-460}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Jefferies, Robin and Rosenberg, J.}, 
title = {Comparing a form-based and a language-based user interface for instructing a mail program}, 
journal = {Proceedings CHI+GI'87}, 
volume = {Toronto, 5-9 April}, 
pages = {261-266}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Jefferies, R. and Turner, A. A. and Polson, P. G. and Atwood, M. E.}, 
title = {The processes involved in designing software}, 
booktitle = {Cognitive Skills and Their Acquisition}, 
editor = {Anderson, John R.}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
year = {1981}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Jeong, Heisawn and Chi, Michelene T.H.}, 
title = {Construction of shared knowledge during collaborative learning}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning'97}, 
editor = {Hall, R. and Miyake, N. and Enyedy, N.}, 
address = {Toronto, Ontario, Canada}, 
pages = {124-128}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {John, Bonnie}, 
title = {Why GOMS?}, 
journal = {Interactions}, 
volume = {2}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {80-89}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {John, Bonnie E. and Miller, Philip L. and Myers, Brad A. and Meuwirth, Christine M. and Shafer, Steven A.}, 
title = {Human-computer interaction in the School of Computer Science}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Johnson, W. Lewis and Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {PROUST: An automatic debugger for Pascal programs}, 
journal = {BYTE}, 
volume = {10}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {179-190}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Johnson, W. Lewis and Soloway, Elliot and Cutler, Benjamin and Draper, Steven W.}, 
title = {Bug Catalogue: 1}, 
year = {1983}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Johnson-Laird, P. N.}, 
title = {Mental models in cognitive science}, 
journal = {Cognitive Science}, 
volume = {4}, 
pages = {71-115}, 
year = {1980}, 
keywords = { syllogisms, mental models, propositions, analogues}}

@Article{,
author = {Jona, Menachem and Bell, Benjamin and Birnbaum, Lawrence}, 
title = {Button theory: A taxonomic framerwork for student-teacher interaction in computer-based learning environments}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Jones, Tricia and Berger, Carl}, 
title = {Students' Use of Multimedia Science Instruction: Designing for the MTV Generation?}, 
journal = {Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia}, 
volume = {To appear}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Joni, Saj-Nicole and Soloway, Elliot and Goldman, Robert and Ehrlich, Kate}, 
title = {Just so stories: How the program got that bug}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the SIGCUE/SIGCAS Symposium}, 
address = {Baltimore, MD}, 
year = {1983}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Joni, Saj-Nicole A. and Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {But my program runs!: Discourse rules for novice programmers}, 
journal = {Journal of Educational Computing Research}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Justus, M.}, 
title = {Old Ben Bailey Meets his Match}, 
booktitle = {Bridges}, 
editor = {Aaron, I.E. and Artley, A.S. and Goodman, K.S. and Jenkins, W.A. and Manning, J.C. and Monroe, M. and Pyle, W.J. and Robinson, H.M. and Schiller, A. and Smith, B. and Sullivan, L.M. and Weintraub, S.}, 
publisher = {Scott, Foresman, and Company}, 
address = {Glenview, IL}, 
pages = {85-91}, 
year = {1976}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Kafai, Yasmin}, 
title = {Minds in Play: Computer game design as a context for children's learning}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Kafai, Yasmin and Harel, Idit}, 
title = {The instructional software design project: Phase II}, 
booktitle = {Constructionist Learning: A 5th anniversary collection of papers}, 
editor = {Harel, Idit}, 
publisher = {MIT Media Laboratory}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Kafai, Yasmin and Harel, Idit}, 
title = {Children learning through consulting: When mathematical ideas, knowledge of programming and design, and playful discourse are intertwined}, 
booktitle = {Constructionism}, 
editor = {Harel, Idit and Papert, Seymour}, 
publisher = {Ablex}, 
address = {Norwood, NJ}, 
pages = {110-140}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@phdthesis{,
author = {Kafai, Yasmin B.}, 
title = {Minds in Play: Computer Game Design as a Context for Children's Learning}, 
school = {Graduate School of Education of Harvard University}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Kafai, Yasmin B. and Harel, Idit}, 
title = {Learning through design and teaching: Exploring social and collaborative aspects of Constructionism}, 
booktitle = {Constructionism}, 
editor = {Harel, Idit and Papert, Seymour}, 
publisher = {Ablex}, 
address = {Norwood, NJ}, 
pages = {111-140}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Karat, C.M. and Campbell, R. and Fiegel, T.}, 
title = {Comparison of empirical testing and walkthrough methods in user interface evaluation}, 
journal = {Proceedings of CHI'92}, 
pages = { 69-74}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Karsten, Helena and Jones, Matthew}, 
title = {The Long and Winding Road: Collaborative IT and organisational change}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings CSCW98}, 
editor = {Poltrock, Steven and Grudin, Jonathan}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Seattle, Washington, USA}, 
pages = {29-38}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Kaufer, David S. and Neuwirth, Christine M. and Chandhok, Ravinder and Morris, James H.}, 
title = {Writing: A restrospective on computer support for open-ended design tasks}, 
booktitle = {Learning to Design, Designing to Learn: Using Technology to Transform the Curriculum}, 
editor = {Balestri, Diane P. and Ehrmann, Stephen C. and Ferguson, David L.}, 
publisher = {Taylor & Francis}, 
address = {Washington, DC}, 
pages = {119-137}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { Prep, Warrant}}

@Inbook{,
author = {Kay, Alan}, 
title = {A personal computer for children of all ages}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM National Conference}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Boston, MA}, 
year = {1972}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Kay, Alan}, 
title = {Computer software}, 
journal = {Scientific American}, 
volume = {251}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {53-59}, 
year = {1984}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Kay, Alan}, 
title = {User interface: A personal view}, 
booktitle = {The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design}, 
editor = {Laurel, Brenda}, 
publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, 
pages = {191-207}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Kay, Alan and Goldberg, Adele}, 
title = {Personal dynamic media}, 
journal = {IEEE Computer}, 
pages = { 31-41}, 
year = {1977}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Kay, Alan C.}, 
title = {Microelectronics and the Personal Computer}, 
journal = {Scientific American}, 
volume = {N September}, 
pages = {231-244}, 
year = {1977}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Kay, Alan C.}, 
title = {Computers, networks, and education}, 
journal = {Scientific American}, 
pages = { 138-148}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Kay, Alan C.}, 
title = {The early history of Smalltalk}, 
booktitle = {History of Programming Languages}, 
editor = {Sammet, Jean E.}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {69-95}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@phdthesis{,
author = {Kehoe, Colleen M.}, 
title = {Supporting Critical Design Dialog}, 
school = {Georgia Institute of Technology}, 
address = {Atlanta, GA}, 
year = {2001}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Kemeny, J. and Kurtz, T.}, 
title = {BASIC Programming}, 
publisher = {Wiley}, 
address = {New York, NY}, 
year = {1967}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Kemeny, J.G. and Snell, J.L. and Thompson, G. L.}, 
title = {Introduction to Finite Mathematics}, 
publisher = {Prentice-Hall}, 
address = {Englewood Cliffs, NJ}, 
year = {1974}, 
keywords = { Markov analysis}}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Beck, Kent and Cunningham, Ward}, 
title = {A laboratory for teaching object-oriented thinking}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {New York, NY}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Kerimbaev, Bolot}, 
title = {Rapid Development of Web Applications with Object Thinking}, 
publisher = {Association for Advancing Computers in Education (AACE)}, 
address = {Seattle, Washington}, 
pages = {312-316}, 
year = {2000}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Kerlick, G. David}, 
title = {Moving iconic objects in scientific visualizations}, 
journal = {Proceedings of the First IEEE Conference on Visualization: Visualization '90.}, 
pages = { 124-130}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { glyphs, boids}}

@Article{,
author = {Khayrallah, M.A. and Meiraker, M. Van Den}, 
title = {Logo programming and the acquisition of cognitive skills}, 
journal = {Journal of Computer-Based Instruction}, 
volume = {14}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {133-137}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Kieras, David and Polson, Peter G.}, 
title = {An approach to the formal analysis of user complexity}, 
journal = {International Journal of Man-Machine Studies}, 
volume = {22}, 
pages = {365-394}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { Task representations, device representations, mental models, GOMS, GTN}}

@Inbook{,
author = {Kieras, David E.}, 
title = {Towards a practical GOMS model methodology for user interface design}, 
booktitle = {Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction}, 
editor = {Helander, Martin}, 
publisher = {Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.}, 
address = {Amsterdam; New York}, 
pages = {135-157}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Kieras, David E.}, 
title = {What mental models should be taught: Choosing instructional content for complex engineered systems}, 
booktitle = {Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Lessons Learned}, 
editor = {Psotka, Joseph and Massey, D. and Mutter, S.}, 
publisher = {Erlbaum}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Kim, Scott}, 
title = {Interdisciplinary cooperation}, 
booktitle = {The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design}, 
editor = {Laurel, Brenda}, 
publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, 
address = {Reading, MA}, 
pages = {31-44}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Kim, Wan and Foley, Jim}, 
title = {Providing higher-level control and expert assistance in the user interface presentation design}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings INTERCHI 1993}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {430-437}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {King, A.}, 
title = {Improving lecture comprehension: Effects of a metacognitive strategy}, 
journal = {Applied Cognitive Psychology}, 
volume = {5}, 
pages = {331-346}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {King, A.}, 
title = {Facilitating elaborative learning through guided student-generated questioning}, 
journal = {Educational Psychologist}, 
volume = {27}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {111-126}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
a
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Klahr, David and Carver, Sharon M.}, 
title = {Cognitive objectives in a LOGO debugging curriculum: Instruction, learning, and transfer}, 
journal = {Cognitive Psychology}, 
volume = {20}, 
pages = {362-404}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Kobsa, Alfred}, 
title = {User modeling: Recent work, prospects, and hazards}, 
booktitle = {Adaptive User interfaces: Principles and Practice}, 
editor = {Schneider-Hufschmidt, Matthias and Kźhme, Thomas and Malinowski, Uwe}, 
publisher = {Elsevier Science Publishers}, 
address = {Amsterdam}, 
pages = {111-128}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Koedinger, Kenneth R. and Sucker, Erika L. F.}, 
editor = {Edelson, Daniel C. and Domeshek, Eric A.}, 
title = {PAT goes to college: Evaluating a cognitive tutor for developmental mathematics}, 
publisher = {Charlottesville: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE)}, 
address = {Northwestern University}, 
pages = {180-187}, 
year = {1996}, 
abstract = {This report describes an adaptation of the Practical Algebra Tutor, "PAT," for college-level developmental mathematics, and initial evaluations of PAT at two college sites. PAT is a software reaming environment that presents students with real- world problem situations, modem mathematical representational tools to analyze these situations, and constant background support from a "cognitive tutor"-- an intelligent computer tutor based on the ACT theory of cognition. Previous classroom evaluations showed that high-school students using PAT outperfomned students in regular classes by 15% on standardized tests, and by 100% on assessments of authentic problem- solving. In two colleges, PAT students perfomned more than 50% better than students in regular classes on a perfommance-based assessment. This assessment requires students to use mathematical representations to analyze a real-world problem situation. It captures the refomm objectives of the PAT approach, which are consistent with new national standards for mathematics.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Koehn, G. M. and Greer, James E.}, 
title = {Recognizing plans in instructional systems using granularity}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Kolodner, Janet}, 
title = {Case Based Reasoning}, 
publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers}, 
address = {San Mateo, CA}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Kolodner, Janet}, 
title = {Design Education Across the Disciplines}, 
publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers}, 
address = {Atlanta, GA}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Kolodner, Janet and Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Effects with and of CSCL: Tracking learning in a new paradigm}, 
booktitle = {CSCL: Theory and Practices of an Emerging Paradigm}, 
editor = {Koschmann, Timothy}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
pages = {307-320}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Kolodner, Janet L.}, 
title = {Educational implications of analogy: A view from case-based reasoning}, 
journal = {American Psychologist}, 
volume = {52}, 
pages = {57-66}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Kolodner, Janet L. and Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Theory and Practice of Case-based Learning Aids}, 
booktitle = {Theoretical Foundations of Learning Environments}, 
editor = {Jonassen, David}, 
address = {In press}, 
year = {1999}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Kolodner, Janet L. and Hmelo, Cindy E. and Narayanan, N. Hari}, 
editor = {Edelson, Daniel C. and Domeshek, Eric A.}, 
title = {Problem-based learning meets case-based reasoning}, 
publisher = {Charlottesville: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE)}, 
address = {Northwestern University}, 
pages = {188-195}, 
year = {1996}, 
abstract = {The modern education community agrees that deep and effective learning is best promoted by situating learning in authentic activity. Many in the education community have put in place constructivist classroom practices that put students into situations where they must make hypotheses, collect data, and determine which data to use in the process of solving a problem or participating in some kind of realistic analysis or investigation. Research in case-based reasoning (CBR), which provides a plausible model of learning from problem solving situations, makes suggestions about education that are consistent with these educational theones and methodologies and which can provide added concreteness and detail. In this paper, we show how CBR's suggestions can enhance problem-based learning (PBL), which is already a well-worked-out and successful approach to education. The computational accounts CBR provides of reasoning activities, especially of knowledge access, access to old experiences (cases), and use of old experiences in reasoning, suggest guidelines about materials that should be made available as resources, the kinds of reflection that will promote transfer, qualities of good problems, qualities of the environment in which problems are solved (e.g., affordances for feedback), and sequencing a curriculum. The two approaches complement each other well, and together, we believe they provide a powerful foundation for educational practice in the constructivist tradition, one that at once combines lessons learned from classroom practice with sound cognitive theory.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Kolodner, Janet L. and Schwarz, Baruch}, 
editor = {Hall, Rogers}, 
title = {Roles of a Case Library as a Collaborative Tool for Fostering Augmentation}, 
publisher = {To appear}, 
address = {Toronto, Ontario, Canada}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Koschmann, Tim}, 
title = {Tools of termlessness}, 
booktitle = {Virtual learning environments}, 
editor = {O'Shea, Tim}, 
year = {In Press}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Koschmann, Tim and Kelson, A. and Feltovich, P. and Barrows, H.}, 
title = {Computer-supported problem-based learning: A principled approach to the use of computers in collaborative learning}, 
booktitle = {CSCL: Theory and Practice of an Emerging Paradigm}, 
editor = {Koschmann, T.}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Koschmann, Timothy}, 
title = {CSCL: Theory and Practices of an Emerging Paradigm}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Koschmann, Timothy D. and Myers, A.C. and Feltovich, Paul J. and Barrows, H.S.}, 
title = {Using technology to assist in realizing effective learning and instruction: A principled approach to the use of computers in collaborative learning}, 
journal = {Journal of the Learning Sciences}, 
volume = {3}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {225-262}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Kosslyn, S.}, 
title = {Understanding charts and graphs}, 
journal = {Applied Cognitive Psychology}, 
volume = {3}, 
pages = {185-226}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Kostelnick, Charles}, 
title = {Process paradigms in design and composition: Affinities and directions}, 
journal = {College composition and communication}, 
volume = {40}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {267-281}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Kovacevic, S.}, 
title = {A compositional model of human-computer dialogues}, 
booktitle = {Multimedia Interface Design}, 
editor = {Blattner, M. and Dannenberg, R.}, 
publisher = {ACM Press}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Kozma, Robert}, 
title = {Will media influence learning? Reframing the debate}, 
journal = {Educational Technology Research and Development}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Kozma, Robert and Chin, E. and Russell, J. and Marx, Nancy}, 
title = {The roles of representations and tools in the chemistry laboratory}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Kozma, Robert and Russell, J.}, 
title = {Multimedia and understanding: Expert and novice responses to different representations of chemical phenomena}, 
journal = {Journal of Research in Science Teaching}, 
volume = {43}, 
number = {9}, 
pages = {949-968}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Kozma, Robert B.}, 
title = {The impact of computer-based tools and embedded prompts on writing processes and products of novice and advanced college writers}, 
journal = {Cognition and instruction}, 
volume = {8}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {1-27}, 
year = {1991}, 
abstract = {planning and representations}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Kozma, Robert B.}, 
title = {Learning with media}, 
journal = {Review of Educational Research}, 
volume = {61}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {179-211}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Kozma, Robert B. and Belle, L.W. and Williams, G.W.}, 
title = {Instructional Techniques in Higher Education}, 
publisher = {Educational Technology Publications}, 
address = {Englewood Cliffs, NJ}, 
year = {1978}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Kozma, Robert B. and Russell, J. and Jones, T. and Marx, N. and Davis, J.}, 
title = {The use of multiple, linked representations to facilitate science understanding}, 
booktitle = {International perspective on the psychological foundations of technology-based learning environments}, 
editor = {Vosniadou, S. and Glaser, R. and DeCorte, E. and Mandel, H.}, 
publisher = {Erlbaum}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Kraemer, Eileen and Stasko, John}, 
title = {The visualization of parallel systems: An overview}, 
journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, 
volume = {18}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {105-117}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Kraemer, Eileen and Stasko, John}, 
title = {Controlling the temporal mapping from concurrent programs to their animations}, 
journal = {Proceedings of the 1994 International Parallel Processing Symposium}, 
pages = { To appear}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Krajcik, Joe S. and Blumenfeld, Phyllis C. and Marx, Ron W. and Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {A collaborative model for helping teachers learn project-based instruction}, 
journal = {Elementary School Journal}, 
volume = {94}, 
number = {5}, 
pages = {483-497}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Krajcik, Joseph and Blumenfeld, Phyllis C. and Marx, Ronald W. and Bass, Kristin M. and Fredricks, Jennifer and Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {Inquiry in project-based science classrooms: Initial attempts by middle school students}, 
journal = {Journal of the Learning Sciences}, 
volume = {7}, 
number = {3&4}, 
pages = {313-350}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Krajcik, Joseph S. and Blumenfeld, Phyllis and Soloway, Elliot and Marx, Ronald}, 
title = {Enhancing the teaching of project-based science}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Krajcik, Joseph S. and Layman, John W.}, 
title = {Middle school teachers' conceptions of heat and temperature: Personal and teaching knowledge}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { critical interviews}}

@Book{,
author = {Kreutzer, Wolfgang}, 
title = {System Simulation: Programming Styles & Languages}, 
publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, 
address = {Reading, MA}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Kurland, D. Midian and Clement, Catherine A. and Mawby, Ronald and Pea, Roy D.}, 
title = {Mapping the cognitive demands of learning to program}, 
booktitle = {Mirrors of Minds}, 
editor = {Pea, Roy D. and Sheingold, Karen}, 
publisher = {Ablex}, 
address = {Norwood, NJ}, 
pages = {103-127}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Kurland, D. Midian and Mawby, R. and Cahir, N.}, 
title = {The development of programming expertise in adults and children}, 
year = {1984}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Ladesic, James G. and Hazen, David C.}, 
title = {A course correction for engineering education}, 
journal = {Aerospace America}, 
volume = {N May}, 
pages = {22-27}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Ladewski, Barbara G. and Krajcik, Joseph S. and Harvey, Connie L.}, 
title = {A middle grade science teacher's emerging understanding of project-based instruction}, 
journal = {The Elementary School Journal}, 
volume = {94}, 
number = {5}, 
pages = {499-516}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Lamontagne, Claude and Bourdeau, Jacqueline}, 
title = {An epistemology for guided discovery tutoring}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Land, Michael}, 
title = {Multimedia with MediaText}, 
journal = {Journal of HyperMedia and MultiMedia Studies}, 
volume = {2}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {23-25}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Landauer, Thomas and Egan, Dennis and Remde, Joel and Lesk, Michael and Lochbaum, Carol and Ketchum, Daniel}, 
title = {Enhancing the usability of text through computer delivery and formative evaluation: The SuperBook project}, 
booktitle = {HyperText: A Psychological Perspective}, 
editor = {McKnight, C. and Dillon, A. and Richardson, J.}, 
publisher = {Ellis Horwood}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {71-136}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Langer, Judith A. and Applebee, Arther N.}, 
title = {Reading and writing instruction: Toward a theory of teaching and learning}, 
booktitle = {Review of Research in Education}, 
editor = {Rothkopf, E.}, 
publisher = {AERA}, 
pages = {171-194}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Larkin, Jill and McDermott, John and Simon, Dorothea P. and Simon, Herbert A.}, 
title = {Expert and novice performance in solving physics problems}, 
journal = {Science}, 
volume = {208}, 
number = {20}, 
pages = {1335-1342}, 
year = {1980}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Larkin, Jill H.}, 
title = {Cognition of learning physics}, 
journal = {American Journal of Physics}, 
volume = {49}, 
pages = {534-541}, 
year = {1981}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Larkin, Jill H. and Simon, Herbert A.}, 
title = {Why a diagram is (sometimes) worth ten thousand words}, 
journal = {Cognitive Science}, 
volume = {11}, 
pages = {65-99}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Lave, Jean}, 
title = {Tailor-made experiences in evaluating the intellectual consequences of apprenticesh training}, 
journal = {Quarterly Newsletter of Institute for Comparative Human Development}, 
volume = {1}, 
pages = {1-3}, 
year = {1977}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Lave, Jean}, 
title = {Cognition in Practice}, 
publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Lave, Jean}, 
title = {Tailored Learning: Education and Everyday Practice among Craftsmen in West Africa}, 
publisher = {In Preparation.}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Lave, Jean and Wenger, Etienne}, 
title = {Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation}, 
publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, UK}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Lawler, Robert W.}, 
title = {Designing computer-based microworlds}, 
journal = {BYTE}, 
volume = {August}, 
pages = {138-160}, 
year = {1982}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Lawrence, Andrea W. and Badre, Albert M. and Stasko, John T.}, 
title = {Empirically evaluating the use of animations to teach algorithms}, 
address = {St. Louis}, 
pages = {48-54}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Lawton, Daryl T. and Smith, Ian E.}, 
title = {The knowledge weasel hypermedia annotation system}, 
booktitle = {The Fifth ACM Conference on HyperText: HyperText '93 Proceedings}, 
editor = {Furuta, Richard and Stotts, David}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {106-117}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Lee, Geoff}, 
title = {Object-Oriented GUI Application Development}, 
publisher = {PTR Prentice-Hall}, 
address = {Englewood Cliffs, NJ}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Lee, John and Dineen, Finbar and McKendree, Jean and Mayes, Terry}, 
title = {Vicarious Learning: cognitive and linguistic effects of observing peer discussions}, 
year = {1999}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Lehrer, Richard}, 
title = {Authors of knowledge: Patterns of hypermedia design}, 
booktitle = {Computers as Cognitive Tools}, 
editor = {Lajoie, S. and Derry, S.}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
pages = {197-227}, 
year = {1992}, 
abstract = {This is the paper which describes Lehrer's design of HyperAuthor}, 
keywords = { HyperAuthor}}

@Article{,
author = {Lehrer, Richard}, 
title = {Knowledge design in history}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Lehrer, Richard and Erickson, Julie and Connell, Tim}, 
title = {Assessing knowledge design}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Leinhardt, Gaea and Zaslavsky, Orit and Stein, Mary Kay}, 
title = {Function, graphs, and graphing: Tasks, learning, and teaching}, 
journal = {Review of Educational Research}, 
volume = {60}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {1-64}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Lenzner, Robert and Johnson, Steven S.}, 
title = {Seeing things as they really are: An interview with Peter Drucker}, 
journal = {Forbes}, 
volume = {March 10}, 
pages = {122-128}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Leventhal, L. and Teasley, Barbara and Stone, D.}, 
title = {Designing for diverse users: Will just a better interface do?}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of CHI'94: Human Factors in Computing Systems}, 
publisher = {ACM Press/Addison-Wesley}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {191-192}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Levin, Joel R.}, 
title = {Four cognitive principles of learning-strategy instruction}, 
journal = {Educational Psychologist}, 
volume = {21}, 
number = {1 & 2}, 
pages = {3-17}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Levy, S. and Subrahmanian, E. and Konda, S.L. and Coyne, R.F. and Westerberg, A.W. and Reich, Y.}, 
title = {An overview of the n-dim environment}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Lewis, Clayton and Olson, Gary}, 
title = {Can principles of cognition lower the barriers to programming?}, 
booktitle = {Empirical Studies of Programmers: Second Workshop}, 
publisher = {Ablex}, 
address = {Norwood, NJ}, 
pages = {248-263}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Lewis, Eileen L. and Linn, Marcia C.}, 
title = {Heat energy and temperature concepts of adolescents, naive adults, and experts: Implications for curricular improvements}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Lin, Xiaodong}, 
title = {Far transfer problem-solving in hypermedia environment: The role of self-regulated learning processes}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Linn, Marcia C. and Clancy, Michael J.}, 
title = {The case for case studies of programming problems}, 
journal = {Communications of the ACM}, 
volume = {35}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {121-132}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Linn, Marcia C. and Dalbey, John}, 
title = {Cognitive consequences of programming instruction: Instruction, access, and ability}, 
journal = {Educational Psychologist}, 
volume = {20}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {191-206}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Linn, Marcia C. and Muilenburg, Lawrence}, 
title = {Creating lifelong science learners: What models form a firm foundation?}, 
journal = {Educational Researcher}, 
volume = {25}, 
number = {5}, 
pages = {18-24}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Linn, Marcia C. and Songer, Nancy B.}, 
title = {Cognitive research and instruction: Incorporating technology into the science curriculum}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Linn, Marcia C. and Songer, Nancy Butler}, 
title = {Curriculum reformulation: Incorporating techology into science instruction}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Linn, Marcia C. and Songer, Nancy Butler and Lewis, Eileen Lob and Stern, Judy}, 
title = {Using technology to teach thermodynamics: Achieving integrated understanding}, 
booktitle = {Advanced technologies in the teaching of mathematics and science}, 
editor = {Ferguson, David L.}, 
publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Lipman, M. and Sharp, A. M. and Oscanyan, F. S.}, 
title = {Philosophy in the classroom}, 
publisher = {Temple University Press}, 
address = {Philadelphia}, 
year = {1980}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Litecky, Charles R. and Davis, Gordon B.}, 
title = {A study of errors, error-proneness, and error diagnosis in Cobol}, 
journal = {Communications of the ACM}, 
volume = {19}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {33-37}, 
year = {1976}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Littman, David and Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {Evaluating ITSs: The Cognitive Science Perspective}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
a
title = {Reports of IT Worker Shortages Continue}, 
volume = {ACM Techlinks}, 
year = {2001}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Lohmann, Jack R. and Stacy, Angelica M.}, 
title = {America's academic future: A vision for the future and recommendations for action for U.S. higher education to assure high quality precollege and undergraduate instruction in engineering, mathematics, and the sciences for everyone}, 
year = {1990}, 
abstract = {The ubiquitous lecture is the bane of true learning, especially in
observation-based, hands-on fields such as engineering, mathematics, and
the sciences. Our lecture-dominated system of education encourages a
passive learning environment, invites the development of a mass
production-oriented, highly compartmentalized (lecture-sized) curriculum,
and, worst of all, instills neither the motivation nor the skills for life-long
learning. The overdependence on the standard lecture must be diminished
with emphasis given instead to discovery-oriented learning in which
disciplinary and geographic boundaries become less distinct through
networked, technology-based instruction. Students must be active
contributors in their own education and in the education of their fellow
students, and faculty must be as creative in their teaching as they are in
their research. The curriculum must emphasize laboratory and field
experiences, and reflect an integrated approach to engineering,
mathematics, and science education. New technologies, together with
advances in the cognitive sciences, offer significant opportunities for
individualized learning and teaching styles. They also offer important
opportunities to interconnect all levels of the educational infrastructure to
bring more cohesion to the educational pipeline. There are also needs for:
more concurrent learning opportunities involving simultaneous study and
experimentation; an increase in information technology and computer
literacy among faculty and students; and a change in the culture of
academe, its funding agencies, and accreditation boards to better recognize
the interdependence and coequal importance of teaching and research.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Losada, Marcial and Markovitch, Shaul}, 
title = {GroupAnalyzer: A system for dynamic analysis of group interaction}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { IEEE Computer Society}}

@Book{,
author = {Lutz, Mark}, 
title = {Programming Python}, 
publisher = {O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Mackinlay, Jock}, 
title = {Automating the design of graphical presentations of relational information}, 
journal = {ACM Transactions on Graphics}, 
volume = {5}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {110-141}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Maes, Patti}, 
title = {Agents that reduce work and information overload}, 
journal = {Communications of the ACM}, 
volume = {37}, 
number = {7}, 
pages = {31-40}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@phdthesis{,
author = {Magnusson, Shirley}, 
title = {The Relationship between Teachers' Content and Pedagogical Content Knowledge and Students' Content Knowledge of Heat Energy and Temperature}, 
school = {University of Maryland}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Magnusson, Shirley}, 
title = {Approaches to interpretive research}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Magolda, M. Baxter}, 
title = {Knowing and reasoning in college: Gender-related patterns in students' intellectual development}, 
publisher = {Jossey-Bass}, 
address = {San Francisco}, 
year = {1992}, 
abtsract = {Claim in Donald that students do slowly become more independent learners throughout the years of college.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Malone, T.W.}, 
title = {What makes computer games fun?}, 
journal = {BYTE}, 
pages = { 258-277}, 
year = {1981}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Malone, T.W. and Lepper, M.R.}, 
title = {Making learning fun: A taxonomy of intrinsic motivations for learning}, 
booktitle = {Aptitude, Learning, and Instruction.}, 
editor = {Snow, R.E. and Farr, M.J.}, 
publisher = {LEA}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
pages = {223-253}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Mandinach, E.}, 
title = {Model-building and the use of computer simulations of dynamic systems}, 
journal = {Journal of Educational Computing Research}, 
volume = {5}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {221-243}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Mann, Lydia and Linn, Marcia C. and Clancy, Michael J.}, 
title = {Evaluating an evaluation modeler}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Mann, Lydia M. and Linn, Marcia C. and Clancy, Michael}, 
title = {Can tracing tools contribute to programming proficiency? The LISP Evaluation Modeler}, 
journal = {Interactive Learning Environments}, 
volume = {4}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {96-113}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Margolis, Jane and Fisher, Allan}, 
title = {Unlocking the Clubhouse: Women in Computing}, 
publisher = {MIT Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
year = {2002}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Marks, Joe and Freeman, William and Leitner, Henry}, 
title = {Teaching applied computing without programming: A case-based introductory course for general education}, 
booktitle = {The Proceedings of the Thirty-second SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education}, 
editor = {McCauley, RenŽe and Gersting, Judith}, 
publisher = {ACM Press}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {80-84}, 
year = {2001}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Mayer, Richard E.}, 
title = {From novice to expert}, 
booktitle = {Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction}, 
editor = {Helander, Martin}, 
publisher = {Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.}, 
address = {Amsterdam; New York}, 
pages = {569-580}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {McConathy, Deirdre A.}, 
title = {Evaluation methods in visualization: Combating the emperor's new clothes phenomenon}, 
journal = {SIGBIO Newsletter}, 
pages = { 2-8}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {McCracken, Michael and Almstrum, Vicki and Diaz, Danny and Guzdial, Mark and Hagan, Dianne and Kolikant, Yifat Ben-David and Laxer, Cary and Thomas, Lynda and Utting, Ian and Wilusz, Tadeusz}, 
title = {A multi-national, multi-institutional study of assessment of programming skills of first-year CS students}, 
journal = {ACM SIGCSE Bulletin}, 
volume = {33}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {125-140}, 
year = {2001}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {McCracken, Mike and Elliott, Allison and Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Task-Specific Programming Languages as a First Programming Language? An Invitation to Discussion.}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Frontiers in Education Conference}, 
publisher = {IEEE}, 
address = {Pittsburgh, PA}, 
pages = {1359-1360}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {McCracken, W. Michael and Hilton, Andrew and Kohli, Prasanth and Markham, Blake and Powers, Doug}, 
title = {Measuring student programming development using automated tools}, 
booktitle = {Proceeedings of the Thirty-third SIGCSE Technical Conference on Computer Science Education}, 
publisher = {ACM Press}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {2001}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {McDermott, Lillian C. and Rosenquist, Mark L. and Zee, Emily H. van}, 
title = {Student difficulties in connecting graphs and physics: Examples from kinematics}, 
journal = {American Journal of Physics}, 
volume = {55}, 
number = {6}, 
pages = {503-513}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {McDonald, James E. and Paap, Kenneth R. and McDonald, Deborah R.}, 
title = {Hypertext perspectives: Using Pathfinder to build hypertext systems}, 
booktitle = {Pathfinder Associative Networks: Studies in Knowledge Organization}, 
editor = {Schvaneveldt, Roger V.}, 
publisher = {Ablex}, 
address = {Norwood, NJ}, 
pages = {197-212}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { log file analysis}}

@Inbook{,
author = {McDowell, Charlie and Bullock, Heather and Fernald, Julian and Werner, Linda}, 
title = {The effects of pair-programming on performance in an introductory programming course}, 
booktitle = {The Proceedings of the Thirty-third SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, 2002}, 
editor = {Knox, Deborah}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {38-42}, 
year = {2002}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {McKendree, J. and Stenning, K. and Mayes, T. and Lee, J. and Cox, R.}, 
title = {Why observing a dialogue may benefit learning}, 
journal = {Journal of Computer Assisted Learning}, 
volume = {14}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {110-119}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { vicarious learning, vicarious learner}}

@Article{,
author = {Means, Barbara and Blando, John and Olson, Kerry and Middleton, Teresa and Morocco, Catherine Cobb and Remz, Arlene R. and Zorfass, Judith}, 
title = {Using technology to support education reform}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Merrill, Douglas C. and Reiser, Brian J.}, 
title = {Scaffolding the acquisition of complex skills with reasoning-congruent learning environments}, 
address = {The University of Edinburgh}, 
pages = {9-16}, 
year = {1993}, 
abstract = {Design principles for reasoning-congruent learning environments
1. Make students' own reasoning explicit through predictions of behavior
2. Render behavior visible by allowing student to access normally invisible states
3. Minimize the translation process from the students' internal plans to the external representation of the solution.
4. Have the structure of a particular solution remind the students of where they are in their solution plan and the search space of the domain.
5. Allow students to focus on subproblems on the way to solving the entire problem.
6. Proactively guide problem solving by encouraging students to use a more profitable set of tools for solving problems.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Merrill, Douglas C. and Reiser, Brian J. and Beekelaar, R. and Hamid, A.}, 
title = {Making processes visible: Scaffolding learning with reasoning-congruent representations}, 
booktitle = {Intelligence Tutoring Systems: Second International Conference, ITS'92}, 
publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {103-110}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Michel, Steve}, 
title = {FileMaker Pro adds power without sacrificing ease of use}, 
journal = {MacWeek}, 
pages = { 68-73}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@phdthesis{,
author = {Miller, Craig}, 
title = {Modeling concept acquisition in the context of a unified theory of cognition}, 
school = {University of Michigan}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Miller, Lance A.}, 
title = {Programming by non-programmers}, 
journal = {International Journal of Man-Machine Studies}, 
volume = {6}, 
pages = {237-260}, 
year = {1974}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Miller, Lance A.}, 
title = {Natural language programming: Styles, strategies, and contrasts}, 
journal = {IBM Systems Journal}, 
volume = {20}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {184-215}, 
year = {1981}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Miller, Philip and Pane, John and Meter, Glenn and Vorthmann, Scott}, 
title = {Evolution of novice programming environments: The structure editors of Carnegie-Mellon University}, 
journal = {Interactive Learning Environments}, 
volume = {4}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {140-158}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Miller, Philip and Pane, John and Meter, Glenn and Vorthmann, Scott}, 
title = {The Genies of Carnegie Mellon University: Programming environments we have known and loved}, 
journal = {Interactive Learning Environments}, 
pages = { To appear}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Mistree, F. and Muster, D.}, 
title = {A curriculum and paradigms for design education in a computer-intensive environment}, 
journal = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Design}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Resnick, Mitchel}, 
title = {Turtles, Termites, and Traffic Jams: Explorations in Massively Parallel Microworlds}, 
publisher = {MIT Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Mitchell, L.D.}, 
title = {Philosophy for teaching computer-aided design: Let's not lose the fundamentals}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Computers in Engineering Conference}, 
publisher = {American Society for Mechanical Engineering}, 
address = {NY}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Miyake, Naomi and Masukawa, Hiroyuki}, 
title = {Relation-making to sense-making: Supporting college students' constructive understanding with an enriched collaborative note-sharing system.}, 
booktitle = {Fourth International Conference of the Learning Sciences}, 
editor = {Fishman, Barry and O'Connor-Divelbiss, S.}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, 
address = {Mahwah, NJ}, 
pages = {41-47}, 
year = {2000}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Moher, Thomas G. and Mak, David C. and Blumenthal, Brad and Leventhal, Laura M.}, 
title = {Comparing the comprehensibility of textual and graphical programs: The case for Petri Nets}, 
booktitle = {Empirical Studies of Programmers: Fifth Workshop}, 
editor = {Cook, Curtis R. and Scholtz, Jean C. and Spohrer, James C.}, 
publisher = {Ablex}, 
address = {Norwood, NJ}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Moore, G. A.}, 
title = {Inside the Tornado}, 
publisher = {HarperBusiness}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Morley, Tom and Guzdial, Mark and Ludovice, Pete and Realff, Matthew and Sukel, Katherine}, 
title = {Web-based cross-disciplinary student collaboration}, 
OPTaddress = {Atlanta, GA}, 
OPTbooktitle={International Conference of Teachers of College Mathematics},
year = {2000}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Morris, William}, 
title = {The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language}, 
year = {1978}, 
location = {Boston, MA}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Mukherjea, S. and Stasko, John}, 
title = {Applying algorithm animation techniques for program tracing, debugging, and understanding}, 
journal = {Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Software Engineering}, 
pages = { 456-465}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Mukherjea, S. and Stasko, John}, 
title = {Integrating algorithm animation capabilities into a source level debugger}, 
journal = {ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction}, 
pages = { Submitted.}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Mukherjea, Sougata and Foley, James D. and Hudson, Scott}, 
title = {Visualizing complex WWW hypermedia networks through multiple hierarchical views}, 
journal = {Proceedings CHI'95}, 
pages = { In press.}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Muster, D. and Mistree, F.}, 
title = {A curriculum and paradigms for the science of design}, 
journal = {Annual Conference Proceedings of the American Society for Engineering Education}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Muster, D. and Mistree, F.}, 
title = {The decision-support problem technique in engineering design}, 
journal = {International Journal of Applied Education}, 
volume = {4}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {23-33}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Muster, D. and Mistree, F.}, 
title = {Engineering design as it moves from an art toward a science: Its impact on the education process}, 
journal = {International Journal of Applied Engineering Education}, 
volume = {5}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {239-246}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Myers, Brad A.}, 
title = {The Garnet compendium: Collected papers, 1989-1990}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Myers, Brad A.}, 
title = {Why are human-computer interfaces difficult to design and implement?}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Myers, Brad A.}, 
title = {Natural Programming: Project overview and proposal}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Myers, Brad A. and Zanden, Brad Vander}, 
title = {Environment for rapidly creating interactive design tools}, 
journal = {Visual Computer}, 
volume = {8}, 
pages = {94-116}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Mynatt, Elizabeth D. and Adler, Annette and Ito, Mizuko and O'Day, Vicki L.}, 
title = {Design for network communities}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the CHI'97 Conference}, 
editor = {Pemberton, Steven}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Atlanta, GA}, 
pages = {210-217}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {NCSA}, 
title = {Habanero: Java-Based Environment for Distributed Scientific Computation}, 
year = {1997}, 
location = {Champaign, IL}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {NCTM}, 
title = {Standards 2000}, 
year = {1999}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Nachmias, Rafi and Friedler, Yael and Linn, Marcia C.}, 
title = {The role of programming environments in Pascal instruction}, 
journal = {Computers in Education}, 
volume = {14}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {145-158}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Nakhleh, Mary B. and Krajcik, Joseph S.}, 
title = {The influence of level of information as presented by different technologies on students' understanding of acid, base, and pH concepts}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { conceptor cognitive map coding critical interviews}}

@Article{,
author = {Nakhleh, Mary B. and Krajcik, Joseph S.}, 
title = {A protocol analysis of the influence of technology on students' actions, verbal commentary, and thought processes during the performance of acid-base titrations}, 
journal = {Journal of Research in Science Teaching}, 
pages = { Submitted}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@phdthesis{,
author = {Nakhleh, Mary Bird}, 
title = {A Study of Students' Thought Processes And Understanding of Acid/Base Concepts During the Performance of Instrument-Based Titrations}, 
school = {University of Maryland}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Narayanan, N. Hari and Hmelo, Cindy E. and Petrushyn, Valery and Newstetter, Wendy C. and Guzdial, Mark and Kolodner, Janet L.}, 
title = {Computational support for collaborative learning through generative problem solving}, 
booktitle = {Computer Support for Collaborative Learning}, 
editor = {Schnase, John L. and Cunnius, Edward L.}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, 
address = {Bloomington, IN}, 
pages = {247-254}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Nardi, Bonnie}, 
title = {A Small Matter of Programming: Perspectives on End User Programming}, 
publisher = {MIT Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Nardi, Bonnie and Miller, J.}, 
title = {The spreadsheet interface: A basis for end-user programming}, 
journal = {Human-Computer Interaction, Proceedings INTERACT '90}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Nardi, Bonnie A. and Miller, James R.}, 
title = {Twinkling lights and nested loops: Distributed problem solving and spreadsheet development}, 
journal = {International Journal of Man-Machine Studies}, 
volume = {34}, 
pages = {161-184}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Nardi, Bonnie A. and Whittaker, Steve and Bradner, Erin}, 
title = {Interaction and outeraction: Instant messaging in action}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM 2000 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work}, 
publisher = {ACM Press}, 
address = {New York, NY}, 
pages = {79-88}, 
year = {2000}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Nass, Clifford and Steuer, Jonathan and Tauber, Ellen R.}, 
title = {Computers are social actors}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of CHI'94}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Boston, MA}, 
pages = {72-78}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Neal, Lisa}, 
title = {User modeling and tailorable, adaptable, and adaptive systems}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Newstetter, Wendy C.}, 
title = {Of green monkeys and failed affordances}, 
journal = {Anthropology and Education Quarterly}, 
volume = {Submitted}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Newstetter, Wendy C. and Hmelo, Cindy E.}, 
title = {Distributing cognition or how they don't: An investigation of student collaborative learning}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of ICLS'96}, 
editor = {Edelson, D.C. and Domeshek, E.A.}, 
publisher = {AACE}, 
address = {Evanston, IL}, 
pages = {462-467}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Ng, Evelyn and Bereiter, Carl}, 
title = {Three levels of goal orientation in learning}, 
booktitle = {Goal-Driven Learning}, 
editor = {Ram, Ashwin and Leake, David B.}, 
publisher = {MIT Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
pages = {354-370}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Nickerson, R. and Perkins, David and Smith, E.}, 
title = {The Teaching of Thinking}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Nielsen, Jakob and Frehr, Ida and Nymand, Hans Olav}, 
title = {The learnability of HyperCard as an object-oriented programming system}, 
journal = {Behaviour & Information Technology}, 
volume = {10}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {111-120}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Norman, Donald A.}, 
title = {Why interfaces don't work}, 
booktitle = {The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design}, 
editor = {Laurel, Brenda}, 
publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, 
address = {Reading, MA}, 
pages = {209-219}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Norman, Donald A.}, 
title = {Things that Make Us Smart: Defending Human Attributes in the Age of the Machine}, 
publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, 
address = {Reading, MA}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Norman, Donald A.}, 
title = {Comments on needs and requirements}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Norman, Donald A. and Draper, Steve W.}, 
title = {User Centered System Design}, 
year = {1986}, 
location = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Noss, R. and Hoyles, C.}, 
title = {Windows on Mathematical Meanings}, 
volume = {Kluwer}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Novak, Joseph D. and Gowin, D.B.}, 
title = {Learning How to Learn}, 
publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, 
address = {Cambridge}, 
year = {1984}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {O'Neill, D. Kevin and Edelson, Daniel C. and Gomez, Louis M. and D'Amico, Laura}, 
title = {Learning to Weave Collaborative Hypermedia into Classroom Practice}, 
booktitle = {CSCL'96 Proceedings}, 
editor = {Schanse, John L. and Cunnius, Edward L.}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates}, 
address = {Bloomington, IN}, 
pages = {255-258}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {O'Neill, D. Kevin and Gomez, Louis}, 
title = {Sustaining mentoring relationships on-line}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Computer-Supported Collaborative Work}, 
editor = {Poltrick, Stephen and Grudin, Jonathan}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@phdthesis{,
author = {Ohmaye, Enio}, 
title = {Simulation-based language learning: An architecture and a multimedia authoring tool}, 
school = {Northwestern University}, 
address = {Evanston, IL}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Olsen, Dan R. and Halverson, Bradley W.}, 
title = {Interface usage measurements in a user interface management system}, 
journal = {UIST'88}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Olson, Gary M. and Catrambone, Richard and Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {Programming and algebra word problems: A failure to transfer}, 
booktitle = {Empirical Studies of Programmers: Second Workshop}, 
editor = {Olson, Gary M. and Sheppard, Sylvia and Soloway, Elliot}, 
publisher = {Ablex}, 
address = {Norwood, NJ}, 
pages = {1-13}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Online, Tinker Toys}, 
title = {http://www.cs.rit.edu/~ncs/tinkerToys/tinkerToys.html}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Oppermann, Reinhard and Simm, Helmut}, 
title = {Adaptability: User-initiated individualization}, 
booktitle = {Adaptive User Support: Ergonomic Design of Manually and Automatically Adaptable Software}, 
editor = {Oppermann, Reinhard}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
pages = {14-66}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Oren, Tim}, 
title = {Designing a new medium}, 
booktitle = {The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design}, 
editor = {Laurel, Brenda}, 
publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, 
address = {Reading, Mass.}, 
pages = {467-479}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Oren, Tim and Salomon, Gitta and Kreitman, K. and Don, Abbe}, 
title = {Guides: Characterizing the interface}, 
booktitle = {The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design}, 
editor = {Laurel, Brenda}, 
publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, 
address = {Reading, MA}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Osin, Luis and Lesgold, Alan}, 
title = {A proposal for the re-engineering of the educational system}, 
journal = {Review of Educational Research}, 
volume = {66}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {621-656}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Ousterhout, John K.}, 
title = {Scripting: Higher level programming for the 21st Century}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {PITAC}, 
title = {Information Technology Research: Investing in Our Future}, 
year = {1999}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Page, Stanley R. and Johnsgard, Todd J. and Albert, Uhl and Allen, C. Dennis}, 
title = {User customization of a word processor}, 
booktitle = {CHI96 Conference Proceedings}, 
editor = {Trauber, Michael J.}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada}, 
pages = {340-346}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Pagels, H.R.}, 
title = {The Dreams of Reason: The Computer and the Rise of the Sciences of Complexity}, 
publisher = {Simon and Schuster}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{A. Pomerans,
author = {Pahl, G. and Beitz, W.}, 
title = {Engineering Design}, 
publisher = {The Design Council/Springer-Verlag}, 
address = {London/Berlin}, 
year = {1984}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Palincsar, Annemarie S.}, 
title = {The role of dialogue in providing scaffolded instruction}, 
journal = {Educational Psychologist}, 
volume = {21}, 
number = {1-2}, 
pages = {73-98}, 
year = {1986}, 
abstract = {The acquisition and refinement of cognitive strategies are described as a collaborative effort between teachers and students that is facilitated by scaffolded instruction. Scaffolding is the process that enables students to achieve a goal that would be beyond their unassisted efforts. It is suggested that dialog can promote the kinds of opportunities necessary for the teacher to provide scaffolded instruction.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Palincsar, Annemarie S. and Brown, Ann L.}, 
title = {Reciprocal teaching of comprehension-fostering and monitoring activities}, 
journal = {Cognition and Instruction}, 
volume = {1}, 
pages = {117-175}, 
year = {1984}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Palincsar, Annermarie Sullivan and Brown, Ann L. and Martin, Suzanne M.}, 
title = {Peer interaction in reading comprehension instruction}, 
journal = {Educational Psychologist}, 
volume = {22}, 
number = {3 & 4}, 
pages = {231-253}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Palko, J. and Fowler, G.}, 
title = {An experimental comparison of novice oriented dialogue styles in semi-structured problem environments}, 
journal = {Journal of Computer Information Systems}, 
volume = {32}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {56-68}, 
year = {1991}, 
abstract = {Typically a systems designer has four general methods of communication, called dialogue styles, from which to choose when constructing interactive computer systems. These dialogues styles are: menu-driven, question/response, form filling and command language. The focus of the authors is to investigate the viability of different dialogue styles when users are faced with semi-structured problems. The purpose is to determine if one novice oriented dialogue style, applied throughout the system, is superior to the alternatives. The results of the study indicate that when properly constructed the dialogue style is not a major determinant of overall interface performance. In addition, the results show that problem structure can be varied by manipulating the number of parameters experimental subjects must consider, without destroying the comparability of decision quality measures. This study also demonstrates that novice users can work with properly designed systems in semi-structured environments. Finally, it provides further evidence about the tradeoff between flexibility and learnability. These two objectives are both related to properly designed interfaces though their relative significance depends on the computer experience of the user}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Palmiter, Susan and Elkerton, Jay}, 
editor = {Robertson, Scott P. and Olson, Gary M. and Olson, Judith S.}, 
title = {An evaluation of animated demonstrations for learning computer-based tasks}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {New Orleans}, 
pages = {257-264}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Palmiter, Susan L. and Elkerton, Jay and Baggett, Patricia}, 
title = {Animated demonstrations versus written instructions for learning procedural tasks: A preliminary investigation}, 
journal = {International Journal of Man-Machine Studies}, 
volume = {34}, 
number = {5}, 
pages = {687-701}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Palumbo, David B.}, 
title = {Programming language/problem-solving research: A review of relevant issues}, 
journal = {Review of Educational Research}, 
volume = {60}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {65-89}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Pandey, Rajeev K. and Burnett, Margaret M.}, 
title = {Is it easier to write matrix manipulation programs visually or textually? An empirical study}, 
publisher = {IEEE}, 
address = {Norway}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Pane, John F. and Corbett, Albert T. and John, Bonnie E.}, 
title = {Asessing dynamics in computer-based instruction}, 
booktitle = {CHI96 Conference Proceedings}, 
editor = {Trauble, Michael J.}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada}, 
pages = {197-204}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Pane, John F. and Ratanamahatana, Chotirat "Ann" and Myers, Brad}, 
title = {Studying the language and structure in non-programmers' solutions to programming problems}, 
journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Studies}, 
volume = {54}, 
pages = {237-264}, 
year = {2001}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Papert, Seymour}, 
title = {Teaching children to be mathematicians versus teaching about mathematics}, 
year = {1971}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Papert, Seymour}, 
title = {Mindstorms: Children, computers, and powerful ideas}, 
publisher = {Basic Books}, 
address = {New York, NY}, 
year = {1980}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Papert, Seymour}, 
title = {Situating constructionism}, 
booktitle = {Constructionism}, 
editor = {Harel, Idit and Papert, Seymour}, 
publisher = {Ablex Publishing Company}, 
address = {Norwood, NJ}, 
pages = {1-11}, 
year = {1991}, 
abstract = {Learning "as building knowledge structures irrespective of the circumstances of the learning."}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Papert, Seymour}, 
title = {The Children's Machine: Rethinking School in the Age of the Computer}, 
publisher = {Basic Books}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Papert, Seymour and Solomon, Cynthia}, 
title = {Twenty things to do with a computer}, 
journal = {Educational Technology}, 
volume = {12}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {9-18}, 
year = {1972}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Paris, Scott G. and Byrnes, James P.}, 
title = {The constructivist approach to self-regulation and learning in the classroom}, 
booktitle = {Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: Theory, research, and practice}, 
editor = {Zimmerman, B. and Schunk, D.}, 
publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Paris, Scott G. and Turner, J. C.}, 
title = {Situated motivation}, 
booktitle = {Student Motivation, Cognition, and Learning: Essays in Honor of Wilbert J. McKeachie}, 
editor = {Pintrich, Paul and Brown, D. and Weinstein, C.}, 
publisher = {Erlbaum}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
pages = {213-237}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Paris, Scott G. and Wasik, B.A. and Turner, J.}, 
title = {The development of strategic readers}, 
booktitle = {Handbook of reading research}, 
editor = {Pearson, P. D.}, 
publisher = {Longman}, 
address = {New York, NY}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Paris, Scott G. and Wasik, Barbara A. and Turner, Julianne C.}, 
title = {The development of strategic readers}, 
booktitle = {Handbook of reading research}, 
editor = {Pearson, P.D.}, 
publisher = {Longman}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Paris, Scott G. and Winograd, Peter}, 
title = {How metacognition can promote academic learning and instruction}, 
booktitle = {Dimensions of thinking and cognitive instruction}, 
editor = {Jones, B. F. and Idol, L.}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Paris, Scott G. and Wixson, Karen K. and Palincsar, Annemarie S.}, 
title = {Instructional approaches to reading comprehension}, 
booktitle = {Review of Research in Education}, 
editor = {Rothkopf, E.}, 
publisher = {American Educational Research Association}, 
address = {Washington, D.C.}, 
pages = {91-128}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Parnas, David}, 
title = {On the criteria to be used in decomposing systems into modules}, 
journal = {Communications of the ACM}, 
volume = {15}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {1053-1058}, 
year = {1972}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Pascarella, E.T. and Terenzini, P.T.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Pascarella, E.T. and Terenzini, P.T. and Wolfle, L.}, 
title = {Orientation to college and freshman year persistence/withdrawl decisions}, 
journal = {Journal of Higher Education}, 
volume = {N 57}, 
pages = {155-175}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Pausch, Randy and Conway, Matthew and DeLine, Robert}, 
title = {Lessons learned from SUIT, the Simple User Interface Toolkit}, 
journal = {ACM Transactions on Information Systems}, 
volume = {10}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {320-344}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Payne, S.J. and Howes, A. and Hill, E.}, 
title = {Conceptual instructions derived from an analysis of device models}, 
journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction}, 
volume = {4}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {35-57}, 
year = {1992}, 
abstract = {A heuristic for conceptual instruction is given which is based on the yoked-state space (YSS) hypothesis about the contents of users' device models (S.J. Payne, 1987, S.J. Payne et al., 1990). The YSS hypothesis suggests that users of a system need to understand the system's representation of the task domain. Accordingly, conceptual instructions should express the mapping from device objects onto goal-space objects, especially those aspects that are not visible at the user interface. Such instructions are developed for a menu-driven computer system based on the RATES system for performing remote diagnosis of telephone lines. A simple comparative experiment shows that novices who receive only background instruction and a brief procedural manual. These results increase empirical support for the YSS hypothesis, and, at the same time, suggest a heuristic for the design of conceptual instructions}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Pea, Roy D.}, 
title = {Learning through multimedia}, 
journal = {IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications}, 
pages = { 58-66}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Pea, Roy D. and Kurland, D.M.}, 
title = {On the cognitive effects of learning computer programming}, 
booktitle = {Mirrors of Minds}, 
editor = {Pea, Roy D. and Sheingold, Karen}, 
publisher = {Ablex Publishing}, 
address = {Norwood, NJ}, 
pages = {147-177}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Pearce, Bruce A. and Young, John F.}, 
title = {PKDEMO - a pharmacokinetic demonstration simulation program}, 
journal = {Simulation}, 
volume = {56}, 
pages = {27-31}, 
year = {1991}, 
abstract = {A demonstration simulation program was developed on an IBM-AT personal computer to aid students in understanding the effects of altering rate constants on simple one and two compartment pharmacokinetic models. This menu driven system graphically presents specific sets of simulated curves illustrating how all components of a model interact. The student selects one of the five models and also determines which portion of the model is to be altered. The aim of the program is to teach the user to anticipate the outcome of the model alteration and interactions. The program was developed with the use of PC Storyboard, a demonstration software package, which provided the tools necessary for an elegant program presentation. This interactive presentation graphic program illustrates a viable means of conveying simulation models to a novice audience. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.).}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Peck, Virginia A. and John, Bonnie E.}, 
editor = {Bauersfeld, Penny and Bennett, John and Lynch, Gene}, 
title = {Browser-Soar: A computational model of a highly interactive task}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Monterey, CA}, 
pages = {165-172}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Perkins, David N.}, 
title = {Knowledge as Design}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Perkins, David N. and Hancock, Chris and Hobbs, Renee and Martin, Fay and Simmons, Rebecca}, 
title = {Conditions of learning in novice programmers}, 
booktitle = {Studying the novice programmer}, 
editor = {Soloway, Elliot and Spohrer, James Clinton}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Perkins, David N. and Martin, Fay and Farady, Michael}, 
title = {Loci of difficulty in learning to program}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Perkins, David N. and Simmons, Rebecca}, 
title = {Patterns of misunderstanding: An integrative model for science, math, and programming}, 
journal = {Review of Educational Research}, 
volume = {58}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {303-326}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Perry, W.G.}, 
title = {Forms of intellectual and ethical development in the college years: A scheme}, 
publisher = {Holt, Rinehart, & Winston}, 
address = {Troy, MI}, 
year = {1970}, 
abtsract = {Claim in Donald that showed that 75% of students had developed a committment to learning by their senior year.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Peterson, Matthew and Nemirovsky, Ricardo}, 
title = {VideoPaper Builder}, 
year = {2000}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Petre, M. and Green, T.R.G.}, 
title = {Where to draw the line with text: Some claims by logic designers about graphics in notation}, 
address = {Cambridge, England, 27-31 August.}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Petre, M. and Green, T.R.G.}, 
title = {Learning to read graphics: Some evidence that 'seeing' an information display is an acquired skill}, 
journal = {Journal of Visual Languages and Computing}, 
volume = {4}, 
pages = {55-70}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Pfleeger, Shari Lawrence and Teller, Pat and Castaneda, Sheila E. and Wilson, Manda and Lindley, Rowan}, 
title = {Increasing the enrollment of women in computer science}, 
booktitle = {The Proceedings of the Thirty-second SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education}, 
editor = {McCauley, RenŽe and Gersting, Judith}, 
publisher = {ACM Press}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {386-387}, 
year = {2001}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Phillips, Denis C.}, 
title = {The good, the bad, and the ugly: The many faces of constructivism}, 
journal = {Educational Researcher}, 
volume = {24}, 
number = {7}, 
pages = {5-12}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { Compares different flavors of constructivism}}

@Article{,
author = {Phipps, Ronald and Merisotis, Jamie}, 
title = {What's the Difference? A review of contemporary research on the effectiness of distance learning in higher education}, 
year = {1999}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Pidd, Michael}, 
title = {Computer Modelling for Discrete Simulation}, 
year = {1989}, 
location = {Chichester, England}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Piller, Charles}, 
title = {Separate realities: The creation of the technological underclass in America's public schools}, 
journal = {MacWorld}, 
pages = { 218-231}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Pimentel, Maria da Graca and Ishiguro, Yoshihido and Kerimbaev, Bolot and Abowd, Gregory D. and Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Supporting Long-Term Educational Activities through Dynamic Web Interfaces}, 
journal = {Interacting with Computers}, 
volume = {13}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {353-374}, 
year = {2000}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Pimentel, Maria da GraŤa and Abowd, Gregory D. and Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Supporting educational activities through dynamic web interfaces}, 
journal = {Interacting with Computers}, 
volume = {To appear}, 
year = {2000}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Pinkard, Nichole}, 
title = {"Who is she?": Designing a beginning literacy computer-based learning environment to reflect the lived experiences of low SES African-American girls}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference of the Learning Sciences '98}, 
editor = {Bruckman, Amy and Guzdial, Mark and Kolodner, Janet and Ram, Ashwin}, 
publisher = {AACE}, 
address = {Charlottesville, VA}, 
pages = {342-344}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@phdthesis{,
author = {Pinkard, Nichole}, 
title = {Leveraging Background Knolwedge to Build Beginning Literacy Skills}, 
school = {Northwestern University}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Pinkard, Nichole}, 
title = {Lyric Reader: An architecture for creating intrinsically motivating and culturally relevant reading environments}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Pintrich, Paul R. and Cross, David R. and Kozma, Robert B. and McKeachie, Wilbert J.}, 
title = {Instructional Psychology}, 
journal = {American Review of Psychology}, 
volume = {37}, 
pages = {611-651}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Pirolli, Peter and Recker, Margaret}, 
title = {Learning strategies and transfer in the domain of programming}, 
journal = {Cognition and Instuction}, 
volume = {12}, 
pages = {235-275}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@phdthesis{,
author = {Pitkow, James}, 
title = {Characterizing WWW Ecologies}, 
school = {Georgia Institute of Technology}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Pitkow, James and Pirolli, Peter}, 
title = {Life, Death, and Lawfulness on the Electronic Frontier}, 
booktitle = {CHI97 Conference Proceedings}, 
editor = {Pemberton, Steven}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Atlanta, GA}, 
pages = {383-390}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Ploger, Don}, 
title = {Learning about the genetic code via programming: Representing the process of translation}, 
journal = {The Journal of Mathematical Behavior}, 
volume = {10}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {55-77}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Polson, Peter and Lewis, Clayton and Rieman, John and Wharton, Cathleen}, 
title = {Cognitive walkthroughs: A method for theory-based evaluation of user interfaces}, 
journal = {International Journal of Man-Machine Studies}, 
volume = {36}, 
pages = {741-773}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Polya, G.}, 
title = {How to Solve It}, 
publisher = {Princeton University Press}, 
address = {Princeton, NJ}, 
year = {1957}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Posner, G.J. and Gertzog, W.A.}, 
title = {The clinical interview and the measurement of cognitive change}, 
journal = {Science Education}, 
volume = {66}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {195-209}, 
year = {1982}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Pressman, R.S.}, 
title = {Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach}, 
publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, 
address = {New York, NY}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Pugh, J.R. and LaLonde, W.R. and Thomas, David A.}, 
title = {Introducing object-oriented programming into the computer science curriculum}, 
journal = {ACM/SIGCSE Bulletin}, 
volume = {19}, 
pages = {98-102}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Puntambekar, Sadhana and Kolodner, Janet}, 
title = {Learning by Design: Developing children's understanding of science by engaging them in solving design problems}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Puntambekar, Sadhana and Nagel, Kris and Hźbscher, Roland and Guzdial, Mark and Kolodner, Janet L.}, 
title = {Intra-group and intergroup: An exploration of learning with complementary collaboration tools}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning'97}, 
editor = {Hall, R. and Miyake, N. and Enyedy, N.}, 
address = {Toronto, Ontario, CANADA}, 
pages = {207-214}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Putnam, Ralph T. and Sleeman, D. and Baxter, Juliet A. and Kuspa, Laiani K.}, 
title = {A summary of misconceptions of high-school BASIC programmers}, 
booktitle = {Studying the Novice Programmer}, 
editor = {Soloway, Elliot and Spohrer, James C.}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
pages = {301-313}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Quintana, Chris and Abotel, Kasem and Soloway, Elliot}, 
editor = {Edelson, Daniel C. and Domeshek, Eric A.}, 
title = {NoRis: Supporting computational science activities through learner-centered design}, 
publisher = {Charlottesville: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE)}, 
address = {Northwestern University}, 
pages = {272-279}, 
year = {1996}, 
abstract = {Computational science provides scientists with a variety of tools and methods to help them investigate scientific problems. Computational science is becoming increasingly important, not just for scientists, but also for students who need to gain expertise with similar investigations for their scientific careers. However, because students lack the expertise of professional researchers, complexities arise that pose obstacles to students trying to use computational science to conduct scientific investigations: complexity in the number of diverse investigative tasks to perform, in the lack of tools for supporting certain activities, and in the variety of existing tools and interfaces that students have to learn. In order to address these complexities, we have used learner-centered design to guide the implementation of NoRIS, a computational tool used by nuclear engineering students investigating particle distribution problems. By using different scaffolding strategies, we found that we were able to build a tool that helps support nuclear engineering students investigating problems from their domain.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Rada, Roy and Acquah, S. and Baker, B. and Ramsey, P.}, 
title = {Collaborative learning and the MUCH system}, 
journal = {Computers & Education}, 
volume = {20}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {225-233}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Ram, Ashwin and Catrambone, Richard and Guzdial, Mark J. and Kehoe, Colleen M. and McCrickard, D. Scott and Stasko, John}, 
title = {PML: Representing procedural domains for multimedia presentations}, 
journal = {IEEE Multimedia}, 
volume = {6}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {40-52}, 
year = {1999}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Ram, Ashwin and Leake, David B.}, 
title = {Goal-Driven Learning}, 
year = {1995}, 
location = {Cambridge, MA}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Ram, Ashwin and Leake, David B.}, 
title = {Learning, goals, and learning goals}, 
booktitle = {Goal-Driven Learning}, 
editor = {Ram, Ashwin and Leake, David B.}, 
publisher = {MIT Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
pages = {1-37}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@phdthesis{,
author = {Rappin, Noel}, 
title = {A framework for teaching learners to model by focusing complexity of modeling and simulation tools}, 
school = {College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Rappin, Noel and Guzdial, Mark and Ludovice, Peter and Realff, Matthew}, 
title = {DEVICE: Dynamic Environment for Visualizations in Chemical Engineering}, 
journal = {AI-Education Conference}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Rappin, Noel and Guzdial, Mark and Realff, Matthew and Ludovice, Pete}, 
title = {Balancing usability and learning in an interface}, 
booktitle = {CHI97 Conference Proceedings}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Atlanta}, 
pages = {479-486}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Rappin, Noel and Guzdial, Mark and Realff, Matthew and Ludovice, Peter}, 
title = {Connections as a Focus for Model-Building Learning in Engineering}, 
journal = {Interactive Learning Environments}, 
volume = {9}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {101-141}, 
year = {2001}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Rappin, Noel and Guzdial, Mark and Vanegas, Jorge A.}, 
title = {Supporting distinct roles in a multimedia database}, 
booktitle = {Conference Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference on Multimedia in Education & Industry}, 
publisher = {Association for Applied Interactive Multimedia}, 
address = {Charleston, SC}, 
pages = {202-204}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Rasmus, Daniel W.}, 
title = {STELLAstack}, 
journal = {MacUser}, 
volume = {5}, 
pages = {203-206}, 
year = {1989}, 
abstract = {High Performance Systems Inc's $295 STELLAStack is a highly recommended HyperCard stack that allows novice STELLA users to penetrate the power of the STELLA simulation package. Because of the complexity of STELLA's user interface, simulations were extremely difficult to set up and understand once they were running. Familiarity with system dynamics, stocks, flows and feedback were required. STELLAStack changes STELLA's boxes and circles into familiar images. STELLAStack's interactive graphic interface allows users to go inside STELLA models and alter variables and change parameters during a simulation. STELLAStack's documentation is well organized and several sample STELLA models and stacks are helpful.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Realff, Matthew and Hźbscher-Younger, Teresa and Petraglia-Bahri, Joseph and Catrambone, Richard and Guzdial, Mark and McCrickard, Scott and Ram, Ashwin and Stakso, John}, 
title = {Multimedia Support for Learning Advanced Packaging Manufacturing Practices}, 
publisher = {IEEE}, 
pages = {To appear}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Realff, Matthew}, 
title = {Arguments for a problem in chemical engineering education}, 
year = {1995}, 
abstract = {On the pump problem, it was a Final in a sophmore level course, the students
second quarter of chemical engineering, the subject was mechanical energy
balances, about 21 students took the final and 1 solved it and 3 or 4 had
something that was "reasonably" close. The key to their problem was
recognizing that the equation could be "run backwards" from the pressure drop
to the flowrate rather than from the flowrate to the pressure drop. This is
often the conceptual barrier that forms between analysis and design, those
things that are fixed for analysis become variables for design, and
vice-versa, and a search has to take place to fix the degrees of freedom such
that the desired performance is achieved and some other measures are
minimized (like cost).}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Realff, Matthew and Ludovice, Pete and Guzdial, Mark and Morley, Tom and Sukel, Katherine}, 
title = {Computer supported collaborative learning for curriculum integration}, 
journal = {Computers and Chemical Engineering}, 
volume = {24}, 
pages = {1473-1479}, 
year = {2000}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Realff, Matthew and Ludovice, Pete and Rappin, Noel and Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {DEVICE - Dynamic Environment for Visualization in Chemical Engineering}, 
publisher = {ASEE}, 
address = {Milwaukee, WI}, 
pages = {Accepted}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Realff, Matthew and Ludovice, Peter}, 
title = {Programming in 2208/2210}, 
year = {1995}, 
abstract = {Students do not have to use Mathematica in any ChemE course, we use it to
prepare solutions. We did have them use it once in 2210 and they did not
cope well. They use Excel and Fortran now, they "cope" with this.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Recker, Margaret and Pirolli, Peter}, 
title = {Modelling individual differences in students' learning strategies}, 
journal = {Journal of the Learning Sciences}, 
volume = {4}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {1-38}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Recker, Margaret E. and Pirolli, Peter}, 
title = {The design and evaluation of a user interface for programming instruction}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Recker, Margaret M. and Ram, Ashwin and Shikano, Terry and Li, George and Stasko, John}, 
title = {Cognitive media types for multimedia information access}, 
journal = {Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia}, 
volume = {4}, 
number = {2/3}, 
pages = {185}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@phdthesis{,
author = {Redmond, Michael}, 
title = {Learning by Observing and Understanding Expert Problem Solving}, 
school = {College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { Apprenticeship, expert, master, student, observation, case-based reasoning}}

@Article{,
author = {Reeves, Thomas}, 
title = {Evaluation strategies for interactive multimedia products}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Repenning, Alex}, 
title = {Programmable subsrates to create interactive learning environments}, 
journal = {Journal of Interactive Learning Environments}, 
volume = {4}, 
pages = {45-74}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Resnick, Lauren B.}, 
title = {Toward a cognitive theory of instruction}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Resnick, Lauren B.}, 
title = {Learning in school and out}, 
journal = {Educational Researcher}, 
volume = {16}, 
number = {9}, 
pages = {13-20}, 
year = {1987}, 
abstract = {One important function of schooling is to develop the knowledge and mental skills students will need to construct appropriate models of systems with which they will eventually work.}, 
keywords = { }}

@phdthesis{,
author = {Resnick, Mitchel}, 
title = {Beyond the Centralized Mindset: Explorations in Massively-Parallel Microworlds}, 
school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Resnick, Mitchel}, 
title = {Beyond the centralized mindset}, 
journal = {Journal of the Learning Sciences}, 
volume = {5}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {1-22}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Resnick, Mitchel and Bruckman, Amy and Martin, Fred}, 
title = {Pianos not Stereos: Creating computational construction kits}, 
journal = {Interactions}, 
volume = {3}, 
number = {5}, 
pages = {41-50}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Resnick, Mitchell}, 
title = {Lego Logo: Learning through and about design}, 
booktitle = {Constructionist learning: A 5th anniversary collection of papers}, 
editor = {Harel, Idit}, 
publisher = {MIT Media Laboratory}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Reusser, Kurt}, 
title = {Tutoring systems and pedagogical theory: Representational tools for understanding, planning, and reflection in problem-solving}, 
booktitle = {Computers as Cognitive Tools}, 
editor = {Lajoie, Susanne P. and Derry, Sharon J.}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
pages = {143-177}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Ribarsky, William and Ayers, Eric and Eble, John and Mukherjea, Sougata}, 
title = {Using Glyphmaker to create customized visualizations of complex data}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Ribarsky, William and Foley, James D.}, 
title = {GlyphMaker: An interactive, programmerless approach for customizing visual data representations}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Rice, James and Farquhar, Adam and Piernot, Philippe and Gruber, Thomas}, 
title = {Using the Web instead of a window system}, 
booktitle = {CHI96 Conference Proceedings}, 
editor = {Trauble, Michael}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada}, 
pages = {103-110}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Rich, Charles}, 
title = {Inspection methods in programming}, 
year = {1981}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Rich, Charles}, 
title = {A formal representation for plans in the Programmer's Apprentice}, 
booktitle = {I wish I knew}, 
publisher = {???}, 
year = {1982}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Richards, John and Barowy, William and Levin, Don}, 
title = {Computer simulations in the science classroom}, 
journal = {Journal of Science Education and Technology}, 
volume = {1}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {67-79}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Rick, Jochen and Guzdial, Mark and Carroll, Karen and Hollaway-Attaway, Lissa and Walker, Brandi}, 
title = {Collaborative Web Sites for English Composition}, 
booktitle = {Cost-Effective Learning: Projects supported by the Mellon Foundation}, 
editor = {Fisher, Saul}, 
publisher = {Mellon Foundation}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {Submitted}, 
year = {2001}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Rick, Jochen and Guzdial, Mark and Carroll, Karen and Holloway-Attaway, Lissa and Walker, Brandy}, 
title = {Collaborative learning at low cost: CoWeb use in English Composition}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Computer Supported Collaborative Learning 2002}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, 
address = {Mahwah, NJ}, 
pages = {435-442}, 
year = {2002}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Riel, Margaret}, 
title = {Global discourse via electronic networking}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Riel, Margaret M. and Levin, James A. and Miller-Souviney, Barbara}, 
title = {Learning with interactive media: Dynamic support for students and teachers}, 
booktitle = {Artificial Intelligence and Education}, 
editor = {Lawler, Robert W. and Yazdani, Masoud}, 
publisher = {Ablex}, 
address = {Norwood, NJ}, 
pages = {117-134}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Roads, Curtis}, 
title = {The Computer Music Tutorial}, 
publisher = {MIT Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Robertson, David and Bundy, Alan and Muetzelfeldt, Robert and Haggith, Mandy and Uschold, Michael}, 
title = {Eco-Logic: Logic-Based Approaches to Ecological Modeling}, 
publisher = {MIT Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Rogoff, Barbara}, 
title = {Apprenticeship in thinking: Cognitive development in social context}, 
publisher = {Oxford University Press}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { scaffolding}}

@Article{,
author = {Roschelle, Jeremy}, 
title = {Designing for conversations}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Roschelle, Jeremy}, 
title = {Integrated commonsense and theoretical mental models in physics problem solving}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Roschelle, Jeremy}, 
title = {Collaborative inquiry: Reflections on Dewey and technology for situated learning}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Roschelle, Jeremy}, 
title = {Learning by Collaborating: Convergent Conceptual Change}, 
journal = {Journal of the Learning Sciences}, 
volume = {2}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {235-276}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Roschelle, Jeremy and Goldman, Shelley}, 
title = {Vantage: A study of network tools for collaborative research}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Roschelle, Jeremy and Kaput, James}, 
title = {Educational software architecture and systemic impact: The promise of component software}, 
journal = {Journal of Educational Computing Research}, 
volume = {14}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {217-228}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@phdthesis{,
author = {Roschelle, Jeremy M.}, 
title = {Students' Construction of Qualitative Physics Knowledge: Learning about Velocity and Acceleration in a Computer Microworld}, 
school = {University of California at Berkeley}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Roseman, Mark and Greenberg, Saul}, 
title = {TeamRooms: Network places for collaboration}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of ACM CSCW'96}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Roseman, Mark and Greenberg, Saul}, 
title = {A tour of TeamRooms}, 
booktitle = {CHI97 Extended Abstracts}, 
editor = {Pemberton, Steven}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Atlanta, GA}, 
pages = {208-209}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Rosen, David}, 
title = {Problems in Graduate CAD in Georgia Tech's ME department}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Rosson, Mary Beth and Alpert, Sherman R.}, 
title = {The cognitive consequences of object-oriented design}, 
journal = {Human-Computer Interaction}, 
volume = {5}, 
pages = {345-379}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Rosson, Mary Beth and Carroll, John M.}, 
title = {Active programming strategies in reuse}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming: ECOOP'93}, 
editor = {Nierstrasz, O.}, 
publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, 
address = {Amsterdam}, 
pages = {4-20}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Rosson, Mary Beth and Carroll, John M.}, 
title = {Narrowing the specification-implementation gap in scenario-based design}, 
booktitle = {Scenario-based design: Envisioning work and technology in system development}, 
editor = {Carroll, John M.}, 
publisher = {John Wiley and Sons}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {247-278}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Rosson, Mary Beth and Carroll, John M. and Sweeney, C.}, 
title = {A View Matcher for reusing Smalltalk classes}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of CHI'91: Human Factors in Computing Systems}, 
editor = {Robertson, S.P. and Olson, Gary M. and Olson, Judith S.}, 
publisher = {ACM Press}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {277-283}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Rosson, Mary Beth and Carroll, John M. and Sweeney, Christine}, 
editor = {Robertson, Scott P. and Olson, Gary M. and Olson, Judith S.}, 
title = {Demonstrating a view matcher for reusing Smalltalk classes}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {New Orleans}, 
pages = {431-432}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Roumani, Hamzeh}, 
title = {Design guidelines for the lab component of objects-first CS1}, 
booktitle = {The Proceedings of the Thirty-third SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, 2002}, 
editor = {Knox, Deborah}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {222-226}, 
year = {2002}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{Allan Bloom,
author = {Rousseau, Jean-Jacques}, 
title = {Emile, or On Education}, 
publisher = {Basic Books}, 
address = {New York, NY}, 
year = {1979}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Roussel, Nicolas}, 
title = {Mediascape: A Web-based Media Space}, 
journal = {IEEE Multimedia}, 
volume = {6}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {64-74}, 
year = {1999}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Ruberg, L. and Moore, D. and Taylor, D.}, 
title = {Student participation, interaction, and regulation in a computer-mediated communication environment: A qualitative study}, 
journal = {Journal of Educational Computing Research}, 
volume = {14}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {243-268}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Rubin, Andee}, 
title = {Video laboratories: Tools for scientific investigation}, 
journal = {Communications of the ACM}, 
volume = {36}, 
number = {5}, 
pages = {64-65}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Rudd, Jim and Stern, Ken and Isensee, Scott}, 
title = {Low vs. high-fidelity prototyping debate}, 
journal = {Interactions}, 
volume = {3}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {76-85}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Rumelhart, David E. and Norman, Donald A.}, 
title = {Analogical processes in learning}, 
booktitle = {Cognitive skills and their aquisition}, 
editor = {Anderson, J.R.}, 
publisher = {Erlbaum}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
pages = {335-359}, 
year = {1981}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Ruopp, Richard and Gal, Shahaf and Drayton, Brian and Pfister, Meghan}, 
title = {LabNet: Toward a Community of Practice}, 
year = {1993}, 
location = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {SYNTHESIS}, 
title = {SYNTHESIS Coalition, NEEDS Courseware Database}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Salomon, G.}, 
title = {AI in reverse: Computer tools that become cognitive}, 
booktitle = {Annual meeting of the AERA}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Salomon, Gavriel}, 
title = {Transcending the qualitative-quantitative debate: The analytic and systemic approaches to education research}, 
journal = {Educational Researcher}, 
volume = {20}, 
number = {6}, 
pages = {10-18}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Salomon, Gavriel}, 
title = {Computer's First Decade: Golem, Camelot, or the Promised Land?}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Salomon, Gavriel}, 
title = {On the nature of pedagogic computer tools: The case of the Writing Partner}, 
booktitle = {Computers as Cognitive Tools}, 
editor = {Lajoie, Susanne P. and Derry, Sharon J.}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
pages = {179-196}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Salomon, Gavriel and Cohen, Akiba A.}, 
title = {Television formats, mastery of mental skills, and the acquisition of knowledge}, 
journal = {Journal of Educational Psychology}, 
volume = {69}, 
number = {5}, 
pages = {612-619}, 
year = {1977}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Salomon, Gavriel and Perkins, David and Globerson, Tamar}, 
title = {Partners in cognition: Extending human intelligence with intelligent technologies}, 
journal = {Educational Researcher}, 
volume = {20}, 
pages = {2-9}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Sammet, Jean E.}, 
title = {The beginning and development of FORMAC (FORmula MAnipulation Compiler)}, 
booktitle = {History of Programming Languages}, 
editor = {Sammet, Jean E.}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {209-230}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Santhanam, R. and Wiedenbeck, S.}, 
title = {Modeling the intermittent user of word processing technology}, 
journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science}, 
volume = {42}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {185-196}, 
year = {1991}, 
abstract = {There exists a large and growing population of noncomputer professionals utilizing wordprocessing software on personal computers. Noncomputer professional users of word processing technology are sometimes referred to as intermittent users. The purpose of the research presented was to understand the word processing characteristics and needs of this important group of users. The authors developed a model that describes their word processing performance and carried out two controlled experiments. They found that intermittent users behave like experts when executing a very small set of routine tasks but tend to be quite novice-like in most other tasks. Their editing behavior can be described as nonoptimal and relatively stable. Help systems and interface design are important factors of word processing technology that improve the performance of intermittent users. The study indicates that intermittent users prefer and perform better with a menu-driven interface. In addition, even a rudimentary help system can be a great aid to the intermittent user}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Santos, Paulo and Hudson, Scott and Guzdial, Mark and Badre, Albert}, 
title = {Video temporal compression techniques to facilitate usability evaluation}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Santos, Paulo J. and Badre, Albert N.}, 
title = {Automatic chunk detection in human-computer interaction}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Scardamalia, Marlene and Bereiter, Carl}, 
title = {The development of evaluative, diagnostic, and remedial capabilities in children's composing}, 
booktitle = {The Psychology of Written Language: A Developmental Approach}, 
editor = {Martlew, M.}, 
publisher = {Wiley}, 
address = {London}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Scardamalia, Marlene and Bereiter, Carl}, 
title = {Higher levels of agency for children in knowledge building: A challenge for the design of new knowledge media}, 
journal = {Journal of the Learning Sciences}, 
volume = {1}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {37-68}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Scardamalia, Marlene and Bereiter, Carl and Lamon, Mary}, 
title = {The CSILE Project: Trying to bring the classroom into World 3}, 
booktitle = {Classroom Lessons: Integrating Cognitive Theory and Classroom Practice}, 
editor = {McGilly, Kate}, 
publisher = {MIT Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, 
pages = {201-228}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Scardamalia, Marlene and Bereiter, Carl and McLean, R. and Swallow, J. and Woodruff, E.}, 
title = {Computer-supported intentional learning environments}, 
journal = {Journal of Educational Computing Research}, 
volume = {5}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {51-68}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Scardamalia, Marlene and Bereiter, Carl and Steinbach, R.}, 
title = {Teachability of reflective processes in written composition}, 
journal = {Cognitive Science}, 
volume = {8}, 
pages = {173-190}, 
year = {1984}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Schank, Roger}, 
title = {Case-based teaching: Four experiences in educational software design}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Schank, Roger and Bareiss, Ray and Fano, Andrew and Osgood, Richard and Ferguson, William}, 
title = {Agents in the story archive}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Schank, Roger C.}, 
title = {Dynamic Memory}, 
publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, 
address = {Cambridge; London; New York}, 
year = {1982}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Schank, Roger C.}, 
title = {Case-based teaching: Four experiences in educational software design}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Schank, Roger C.}, 
title = {Goal-based scenarios}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Schank, Roger C.}, 
title = {Tractor factories and research in software design}, 
journal = {Communications of the ACM}, 
volume = {37}, 
number = {5}, 
pages = {19-21}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Schank, Roger C. and Edelson, Daniel C.}, 
title = {A role for AI in education: Using technology to reshape education}, 
journal = {The Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Education}, 
volume = {1}, 
number = {2}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Schank, Roger C. and Fano, Andrew and Bell, Benjamin and Jona, Menachem}, 
title = {The design of goal-based scenarios}, 
journal = {Journal of the Learning Sciences}, 
volume = {3}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {305-346}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Schmitt, Maribeth Cassidy}, 
title = {A questionnaire to measure children's awareness of strategic reading process}, 
journal = {The Reading Teacher}, 
volume = {43}, 
number = {7}, 
pages = {454-461}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Schneider-Hufschmidt, Matthias and Kźhme, Thomas and Malinowski, Uwe}, 
title = {Adaptive User interfaces: Principles and Practice}, 
year = {1993}, 
location = {Amsterdam}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Schoenfeld, Alan}, 
title = {Mathematical problem solving}, 
publisher = {Academic Press}, 
address = {Orlando, FL}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Schoenfeld, Alan H.}, 
title = {Teaching problem-solving skills}, 
journal = {Amerian Mathematical Monthly}, 
volume = {87}, 
pages = {794-805}, 
year = {1980}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Schoenfeld, Alan H.}, 
title = {The wild, wild, wild, wild, wild world of problem solving}, 
journal = {For the Learning of Mathematics}, 
volume = {3}, 
pages = {40-47}, 
year = {1983}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Schofield, Janet W. and Verban, David}, 
title = {Barriers and incentives to computer usage in teaching}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Schofield, Janet Ward and Britt, Cheri L. and Eurich-Fulcer, Rebecca}, 
title = {Computer-Tutors and Teachers: The Impact of Computer-Tutors on Classroom Social Processes}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Schon, Donald}, 
title = {The Design Studio: An Exploration of its Traditions and Potential}, 
publisher = {RIBA Publications Limited}, 
address = {London}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Schon, Donald A.}, 
title = {The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think In Action}, 
publisher = {Basic Books}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {1982}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Schon, Donald A.}, 
title = {Educating the Reflective Practitioner}, 
publisher = {Jossey-Bass}, 
address = {San Francisco}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Schvaneveldt, Roger W.}, 
title = {Pathfinder Associative Networks: Studies in Knowledge Organization}, 
volume = {Ablex series in computational sciences}, 
year = {1990}, 
location = {Norwood, NJ}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Schwartz, Judah L. and Yerushalmy, Michal and Wilson, Beth}, 
title = {The Geometric Supposer: What is it a Case of?}, 
volume = {Technology in Education}, 
year = {1993}, 
location = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Schwartz, Judah L. and Yerushalmy, Michal and Wilson, Beth}, 
title = {The Geometric Supposer: What is it a case of?}, 
volume = {Technology in Education series}, 
year = {1993}, 
location = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Segall, Ricki Goldman}, 
title = {A multimedia research tool for ethnographic investigations}, 
booktitle = {Constructionism}, 
editor = {Harel, Idit and Papert, Seymour}, 
publisher = {Ablex}, 
address = {Norwood, NJ}, 
pages = {467-497}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Seider, Warren D. and Kivnick, Arnold}, 
title = {Process design curriculum at Penn: Adapting for the 1990s}, 
journal = {Chemical Engineering Education}, 
volume = {Spring}, 
pages = {92-97}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Seiger, Jonah}, 
title = {Communications Decency Act is defeated: Landmark victory for Netizens}, 
journal = {Communications of the ACM}, 
volume = {39}, 
number = {8}, 
pages = {13-15}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Seiter, Charles}, 
title = {The statistical difference: Stats for student}, 
journal = {MacWorld}, 
volume = {October}, 
pages = {116-121}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Senay, H. and Ignatius, E.}, 
title = {Rules and principles of scientific data visualization}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Senay, H. and Sukaviriya, P. and Moran, L.}, 
title = {Planning for automatic help generation}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the IFIP Working Conference on Engineering for Human Computer Interactions}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Senge, Peter}, 
title = {The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization}, 
publisher = {Doubleday}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Serway, Raymond A. and Faughn, Jerry S.}, 
title = {College Physics}, 
publisher = {Saunders College Publishing}, 
address = {Philadelphia}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Shabo, Amnon and Guzdial, Mark and Stasko, John}, 
editor = {Edelson, Danny and Domeshek, Eric}, 
title = {Computer Science Apprenticeship: Creating Support for Intermediate Computer Science Students}, 
address = {Evanston, IL}, 
pages = {308-315}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Shabo, Amnon and Guzdial, Mark and Stasko, John}, 
title = {Addressing Student Problems in Learning Computer Graphics}, 
journal = {Computer Graphics}, 
volume = {30}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {38-40}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Shabo, Amnon and Guzdial, Mark and Stasko, John}, 
title = {Computer Science Apprenticeship}, 
publisher = {IEEE Computer Society Press}, 
address = {Herzeliya, Israel}, 
pages = {77-82}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Shabo, Amnon and Guzdial, Mark and Stasko, John}, 
title = {An Apprenticeship-Based Multimedia Courseware for Computer Graphics Studies Delivered on the World Wide Web}, 
journal = {Computers and Education}, 
volume = {29}, 
number = {2-3}, 
pages = {103-116}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Shabo, Amnon and Nagel, Kris and Guzdial, Mark and Kolodner, Janet}, 
title = {JavaCAP: A collaborative case authoring program on the WWW}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning'97}, 
editor = {Hall, R. and Miyake, N. and Enyedy, N.}, 
address = {Toronto, Ontario, CANADA}, 
pages = {241-249}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Shepard, Jeffrey D.}, 
title = {Simulating power phenomena}, 
journal = {EDN}, 
volume = {38}, 
pages = {44-46}, 
year = {1993}, 
abstract = {Power-supply simulation software is available in a variety of types, however users should be aware there is a tradeoff between simplicity of use and flexibility. Simulators with built-in topologies are the easiest to use; they have basic circuit types in which component values can be plugged for running a simulation. Ridley Engineering Inc offers the Power 4-5-6 simulation package; Analytic Artistry Inc offers the Control Loop Analysis Series and Magnetic Designer Series programs. These programs make things easier by limiting the circuit topology and other design aspects and help automate the design-optimization process. There is general agreement among designers that Spice is the place to begin if you can afford only one general modeling and simulation tool. Spice is an excellent general-purpose engineering tool that can be used for a variety of applications.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Sherin, Bruce and diSessa, Andrea A. and Hammer, David}, 
title = {Dynaturtle revisited: Learning physics through collaborative design of a computer model}, 
journal = {Interactive Learning Environments}, 
volume = {3}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {91-118}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Shippey, Gordon and Ram, Ashwin and Albrecht, Florian and Roberts, Janis and Guzdial, Mark and Catrambone, Richard and Byrne, Michael and Stasko, John}, 
editor = {Edelson, Daniel C. and Domeshek, Eric}, 
title = {Exploring interface options in multimedia educational environments}, 
publisher = {AACE}, 
address = {Evanston, IL}, 
pages = {496-501}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Shneiderman, Ben}, 
title = {Teaching programming: A spiral approach to syntax and semantics}, 
journal = {Computers and Education}, 
volume = {1}, 
pages = {193-197}, 
year = {1977}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Shneiderman, Ben}, 
title = {Direct manipulation: A step beyond programming languages}, 
journal = {IEEE Computer}, 
volume = {16}, 
number = {8}, 
pages = {57-69}, 
year = {1983}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Shneiderman, Ben}, 
title = {User interface design for the Hyperties electronic encyclopedia}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of Hypertext'87}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {UNC, Raleigh, NC}, 
pages = {199-204}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Shore, Linda S. and Hakerem, Gita and Hickman, Paul}, 
title = {Using concept maps to compare expert and novice understanding of the scientific applications of fractal geometry}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Shu, Nan C.}, 
title = {Visual Programming}, 
publisher = {Van Nostrand Reinhold}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Shuell, Thomas J.}, 
title = {Learning theory, instructional theory, and adaptation}, 
abstract = {aptitute treatment interactions}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Shute, Valerie J. and Glaser, Robert}, 
title = {A large-scale evaluation of an intelligent discovery world: Smithtown}, 
journal = {Interactive Learning Environments}, 
volume = {1}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {51-77}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { Simulation of economics, students figure out model, graphing tools, cluster-analysis of log file data}}

@Article{,
author = {Sibert, John and Marchionini, Gary}, 
title = {Introduction to the special issue on human-computer interaction research agenda}, 
abstract = {Jacob, Leggett, Myers, Pausch, Olsen, Foley, Hudson, Miller, Hartson, Boehm-Davis, Card, Landauer, Malone, Leggett, Schneiderman, Lewis}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Silver, E. A. and Branca, N. A. and Adams, V. M.}, 
title = {Metacognition: The missing link in problem solving?}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of theFourth International Conference for the Psychology of Mathematics Education}, 
editor = {Karplus, R.}, 
publisher = {University of California: Berkeley, CA}, 
pages = {213-222}, 
year = {1980}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Simon, Herbert A.}, 
title = {The Sciences of the Artificial}, 
publisher = {The MIT Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, 
year = {1969}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Simon, Herbert A.}, 
title = {The functional equivalence of problem solving skills}, 
journal = {Cognitive Psychology}, 
volume = {7}, 
pages = {268-288}, 
year = {1975}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Simon, Herbert A.}, 
title = {The Sciences of the Artificial, 2nd Ed.}, 
publisher = {MIT Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
year = {1981}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Simon, Herbert A. and Chase, W.}, 
title = {Skill in chess}, 
journal = {American Scientist}, 
volume = {61}, 
pages = {394-403}, 
year = {1973}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Singley, M. K. and Anderson, John R.}, 
title = {The Transfer of Cognitive Skill}, 
publisher = {Harvard University Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Smith, David Canfield and Susser, Joshua}, 
title = {A component architecture for personal computer software}, 
booktitle = {Languages for Developing User Interfaces}, 
editor = {Myers, Brad A.}, 
publisher = {Jones and Bartlett}, 
address = {Boston, MA}, 
pages = {31-56}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Smith, Randall B. and Hixon, Ronald and Horan, Bernard}, 
title = {Supporting flexible roles in a shared space}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings CSCW98}, 
editor = {Poltrock, Stephen and Grudin, Jonathan}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Seattle, Washington, USA}, 
pages = {197-206}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Snyder, Tom and Palmer, Janet}, 
title = {In Search of the Most Amazing Thing: Children, Education, and Computers}, 
publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, 
address = {Reading, MA}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Solomon, Cynthia}, 
title = {Computer environments for children: A reflection on theories of learning and education}, 
publisher = {The MIT Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Soloway, Ellio M. and Rubin, E. and Woolf, Beverly P. and Bonar, Jeffrey and Johnson, W. Lewis}, 
title = {MENO-II: an AI-based programming tutor}, 
journal = {Journal of Computer-Based Instruction}, 
volume = {10}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {20-34}, 
year = {1983}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {Learning to program = learning to construct mechanisms and explanations}, 
journal = {Communications of the ACM}, 
volume = {29}, 
number = {9}, 
pages = {850-858}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {Computer-based support for the learning of software design}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {How the Nintendo generation learns}, 
journal = {Communications of the ACM}, 
volume = {34}, 
number = {9}, 
pages = {23-28}, 
year = {1991}, 
abstract = {Children in the 1990s learn from computer games, and multimedia
technology is beginning to find a niche within the US education
system. Texas has now authorized the use of video media to
replace textbooks. Palenque is an innovative, interactive
multimedia program which allows the user to explore Mayan ruins
with a digital flashlight, tape recorder, album and compass.
Multimedia Works is a desktop composition environment in which
users create 'films' using storyboards to outline their projects.
Users can add graphic, text and video media. Multimedia Works
motivates problem students to attend class and produce high
quality multimedia presentations. There are now systems which
allow teachers to develop multimedia presentations for their
classes. Home electronics products will add another dimension to
the multimedia educational software market as prices drop and more
parents, teachers and administrators endorse the use of computers
and information appliances in education curricula.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {Should we teach students to program?}, 
journal = {Communications of the ACM}, 
volume = {36}, 
number = {10}, 
pages = {21-24}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { Guzdial, Clancy & Linn, diSessa, Miller, Resnick & Papert}}

@Article{,
author = {Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {Reading and writing in the 21st century}, 
journal = {Communications of the ACM}, 
volume = {36}, 
number = {5}, 
pages = {23-27}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Soloway, Elliot and Bonar, Jeffrey and Ehrlich, Kate}, 
title = {Cognitive strategies and looping constructs: An empirical study}, 
journal = {Communications of the ACM}, 
volume = {26}, 
number = {11}, 
pages = {853-860}, 
year = {1983}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Soloway, Elliot and Ehrlich, Kate and Bonar, Jeffrey and Greenspan, J.}, 
title = {What do novices know about programming?}, 
booktitle = {Directions in Human-Computer Interaction}, 
editor = {Badre, Andre and Schneiderman, Ben}, 
publisher = {Ablex Publishing}, 
address = {Norwood, NJ}, 
pages = {87-122}, 
year = {1982}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Soloway, Elliot and Guzdial, Mark and Brade, Kathy and Hohmann, Luke and Tabak, Iris and Weingrad, Peri and Blumenfeld, Phyllis}, 
title = {Technological support for the learning and doing of design}, 
booktitle = {Foundations and frontiers of adaptive learning environments}, 
editor = {Jones, Marlene and Winne, P.H.}, 
publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {173-200}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Soloway, Elliot and Guzdial, Mark and Hay, Ken E.}, 
title = {Reading and writing in the 21st century}, 
journal = {EDUCOM Review}, 
volume = {28}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {26-28}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Soloway, Elliot and Guzdial, Mark and Hay, Kenneth E.}, 
title = {Programming for the rest of us}, 
booktitle = {The Fifth Workshop of the Psychology of Programming Interest Group}, 
editor = {DŽtienne, FranŤoise}, 
publisher = {INRIA}, 
address = {Paris}, 
pages = {23-27}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Soloway, Elliot and Guzdial, Mark and Hay, Kenneth E.}, 
title = {Learner-centered design: The challenge for HCI in the 21st century}, 
journal = {Interactions}, 
volume = {1}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {36-48}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Soloway, Elliot and Jackson, Shari L. and Klein, Jonathan and Quintana, Chris and Reed, James and Spitulnik, Jeff and Stratford, Steven J. and Studer, Scott and Eng, Jim and Scala, Nancy}, 
title = {Learning theory in practice: Case studies of learner-centered design}, 
booktitle = {CHI96 Conference Proceedings}, 
editor = {Trauber, Michael J.}, 
address = {Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada}, 
pages = {189-196}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Soloway, Elliot and Konemann, Michael and Walton, Chris and Guzdial, Mark and Hohmann, Luke}, 
title = {The GoalPlanCode Editor: What did the students learn?}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Soloway, Elliot and Krajcik, Joseph and Pea, Roy}, 
title = {Computation-Enhanced Science Learning (CESL): Scienceworks as Technological Scaffolding for Model Creation}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Soloway, Elliot and Krajcik, Joseph and Pea, Roy}, 
title = {ScienceWorks: Making the computational science methodology accessible to learners}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Soloway, Elliot and Krajcik, Joseph S. and Blumenfeld, Phyllis and Marx, Ronald}, 
title = {Technological support for teachers transitioning to project-based science practices}, 
booktitle = {CSCL: Theory and Practices of an Emerging Paradigm}, 
editor = {KOschmann, Timothy}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
pages = {269-305}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Soloway, Elliot and Martin, William}, 
title = {Computer-based support for scientific data analysis}, 
year = {1992}, 
abstract = {Pam Hayes' proposal}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Soloway, Elliot and Spohrer, James C.}, 
title = {Studying the Novice Programmer}, 
year = {1988}, 
location = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Soloway, Elliot and Wallace, Raven}, 
title = {Does the Internet Support Student Inquir? Don't Ask}, 
journal = {Communications of the ACM}, 
volume = {40}, 
number = {5}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Songer, Nancy Butler and Linn, Marcia C.}, 
title = {How do students' view of science influence knowledge integration?}, 
journal = {Journal of Research in Science Teaching???}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Spence, Robert}, 
title = {Information Visualization}, 
publisher = {ACM Press, Addison-Wesley}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {2000}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Rugaber, Spencer and Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Ectropic Software}, 
journal = {International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE-99) Workshop on Software Change and Evolution}, 
year = {1999}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Sperber, D. and Wilson, D.}, 
title = {Relevance: Communication and Cognition}, 
publisher = {Harvard University Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
year = {1986}, 
abtsract = {"relevance principle" of Sperber and Wilson which states that humans pay attention only to information that seems relevant to them.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Spiro, Rand J. and Coulson, Richard L. and Feltovich, Paul J. and Anderson, Daniel K.}, 
title = {Cognitive flexibility theory: Advanced knowledge acquisitions in ill-structured domains}, 
booktitle = {The Tenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
pages = {375-383}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Spiro, Rand J. and Feltovich, Paul J. and Coulson, Richard L.}, 
title = {Two epistemic world-views: Prefigurative schemas and learning in complex domains}, 
journal = {Journal of Applied Cognitive Psychology (Special issue on Reasoning Processes)}, 
volume = {10}, 
number = {5}, 
pages = {51-61}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Spiro, Rand J. and Feltovich, Paul J. and Jacobson, Michael J. and Coulson, Richard L.}, 
title = {Cognitive flexibility, constructivism, and hypertext: Random access instruction for advanced knowledge acquisition in ill-structured domains}, 
journal = {Educational Technology}, 
volume = {31}, 
number = {5}, 
pages = {24-33}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Spiro, Rand J. and Vispoel, W. P. and Schmitz, J. G. and Samarpungavan, A. and Boerger, A. E.}, 
title = {Knowledge acquisition for application: Cognitive flexibility and transfer in complex content domains}, 
booktitle = {Executive control processes in reading}, 
editor = {Britton, B. K. and Glynn, S. M.}, 
publisher = {Erlbaum}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
pages = {177-199}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Spoehr, Kathryn T. and Shapiro, Amy}, 
title = {Learning from Hypermedia: Making sense of a multiply-linked database}, 
year = {1991}, 
abstract = {Brown University.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Spohrer, James and Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {Evaluating folk wisdoms surrounding novice programming bugs}, 
journal = {Communications of the ACM}, 
volume = {29}, 
number = {7}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Spohrer, James C.}, 
title = {MARCEL: Simulating the Novice Programmer}, 
publisher = {Ablex}, 
address = {Norwood, New Jersey}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Spohrer, James C. and Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {Putting it all together is hard for novice programmers}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@phdthesis{,
author = {Spohrer, James Clinton}, 
title = {MARCEL: A Generate-Test-and-Debug (GTD) Impasse/Repair Model of Student Programmers}, 
school = {Yale University}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Spohrer, James G. and Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {Analyzing the high frequency bugs in novice programs}, 
booktitle = {Empirical Studies of Programmers Workshop}, 
editor = {Soloway, Elliot and Iyengar, S.}, 
publisher = {Ablex}, 
address = {Washington D.C.}, 
pages = {230-251}, 
year = {1986}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Spoon, Steven A. and Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {MuSwiki: A graphical collaboration tool}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of CSCL'99}, 
pages = {590-599}, 
year = {1999}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Sproull, Lee and Kiesler, Sara}, 
title = {Computers, networks, and work}, 
booktitle = {Readings in Human-Computer Interaction: Toward the Year 2000}, 
editor = {Baecker, Ronald M. and Grudin, Jonathan and Buxton, William A.S. and Greenberg, Saul}, 
publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, 
address = {San Francisco}, 
pages = {755-761}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Star, Susan Leigh and Ruhleder, Karen}, 
title = {Steps toward an ecology of infrastructure: Complex problems in design and access for large-scale collaborative systems}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings CSCW94}, 
editor = {Furuta, Richard and Neuwirth, Christine}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Chapel Hill, NC, USA}, 
pages = {253-264}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Stardent}, 
title = {AVS User's Guide}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Stark, Mike}, 
title = {Impacts of object-oriented technologies: Seven years of SEL studies}, 
booktitle = {OOPSLA'93 Conference Proceedings}, 
editor = {Paepcke, Andreas}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {New York,NY}, 
year = {1993}, 
abstract = {Shows that software development in federal government was most dramatically impacted by object-oriented technologies, though it was hard for mature software development groups to convert to OOT.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Stasko, John}, 
title = {Animating algorithms with XTANGO}, 
journal = {SIGACT News}, 
volume = {23}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {67-71}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Stasko, John and Kraemer, Eileen}, 
title = {A methodology for building application-specific visualizations of parallel programs}, 
journal = {Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, 
volume = {18}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {258-264}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Stasko, John and Patterson, Charlie}, 
title = {Understanding and characterizing software visualization systems}, 
journal = {Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE International Workshop on Visual Languages}, 
pages = { 3-10}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Stasko, John and Wherli, J.}, 
title = {Three-dimensional computation visualization}, 
journal = {Proceedings of the 1993 IEEE International Symposium on Visual Languages}, 
pages = { 100-107}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Stasko, John T.}, 
title = {TANGO: A framework and system for algorithm animation}, 
journal = {Computer}, 
volume = {23}, 
number = {9}, 
pages = {27-39}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Stasko, John T. and Badre, Albert and Lewis, Clayton}, 
title = {Do algorithm animations assist learning? An empirical study and analysis}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of INTERCHI'93}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, 
pages = {61-66}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Stasko, John T. and Catrambone, Richard and Guzdial, Mark and McDonald, Kevin}, 
title = {An evaluation of space-filling information visualizations for depicting hiearchical structures}, 
journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Studies}, 
volume = {53}, 
number = {5}, 
pages = {631-866}, 
year = {2000}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Steinbart, P.J.}, 
title = {The role of questioning in learning from computer-based decision aids}, 
booktitle = {Questions and Information Systems}, 
editor = {Lauer, T.W. and Peacock, E. and Graesser, A.C.}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, 
address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, 
pages = {273-285}, 
year = {1992}, 
abstract = {Steinbard 1992 shows that asking users questions (i.e. "creating" knowledge goals in people) can help them learn from a computer-assisted training program.}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Story, Carol M.}, 
title = {Facilitator of learning: A microethnographic study of the teacher of the gifted}, 
journal = {Gifted Child Quarterly}, 
volume = {29}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {155-159}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Strauss, Roy}, 
title = {Some basics of screen design for television-based multimedia}, 
journal = {Multimedia & Videodisc Monitor}, 
pages = { 24-29}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Stroustrup, Bjarne}, 
title = {A History of C++}, 
booktitle = {History of Programming Languages}, 
editor = {Sammet, Jean E.}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {699-769}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Strout, Joseph}, 
title = {POO: A Pythonic MOO}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Subrahmanian, E. and Coyne, R. and Konda, S.L. and Levy, S.N. and Martin, R. and Monarch, I. and Reich, Y. and Westerberg, A.}, 
title = {Support systems for different-time different-place collaboration for concurrent engineering}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Workshop on Enabling Technologies Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises}, 
publisher = {IEEE Computer Society Press}, 
address = {Los Alamitos, CA}, 
pages = {187-191}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Subrahmanian, E. and Konda, S.L. and Levy, S.N. and Reich, Y. and Westerberg, A.W. and Monarch, I.A.}, 
title = {Equations aren't enough: Informal modeling in design}, 
journal = {AI EDAM}, 
volume = {7}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {257-274}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Suikaviriya, P. and Foley, James}, 
title = {Supporting adaptive interfaces in a knowledge-based user interface environment}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Intelligent Interfaces Workshop}, 
pages = {107-114}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Suikvairiya, P. and Foley, James}, 
title = {Coupling a UI framework with automatic generation of context-sensitive animated help}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings SIGGRAPH 1990 Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology}, 
pages = {152-166}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Sukaviriya, P.}, 
title = {Automatic procedural help generation: Modeling UIMSs to support context-sensitive animated help}, 
booktitle = {Abridged Proceedings of the HCI International'89}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Sukaviriya, P. and Foley, James and Griffith, T.}, 
title = {A second generation user interface design environment}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
pages = {375-382}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Sukel, Kayt and Guzdial, Mark and Realff, Matthew and Ludovice, Pete and Morley, Tom}, 
title = {The Costs of a Non-Integrated Engineering Education}, 
address = {Ann Arbor, Michigan}, 
pages = {89-90}, 
year = {2000}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Sussman, David}, 
title = {WebDAV: A Panacea for Collaborative Authoring?}, 
journal = {IEEE Multimedia}, 
volume = {6}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {76-79}, 
year = {1999}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Sutherland, Ivan E.}, 
title = {Sketchpad: A man-machine graphical communication system}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings-Spring Joint Computer Conference}, 
pages = {329-346}, 
year = {1963}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Suthers, Dan and Weiner, Arlene}, 
title = {Groupware for Developing Critical Discussion Skills}, 
booktitle = {CSCL'95 Proceedings}, 
editor = {Schnase, John L. and Cunnius, Edward L.}, 
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates}, 
address = {Bloomington, IN}, 
pages = {341-348}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Sutija, Davor P. and Pausnitz, John M.}, 
title = {Chemical engineering in the spectrum of knowledge}, 
journal = {Chemical Engineering Education}, 
volume = {24}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {20-25}, 
year = {1990}, 
abstract = {Calls for exploration of environmental and sustainable issues}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Swartout, William and Balzer, Robert}, 
title = {On the inevitable intertwining of specification and implementation}, 
journal = {Communications of the ACM}, 
volume = {25}, 
number = {7}, 
pages = {438-440}, 
year = {1982}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Tabak, Iris and Reiser, Brian J.}, 
title = {Complementary roles of software-based scaffolding and teacher-student interactions in inquiry learning}, 
booktitle = {CSCL'97 Proceedings}, 
editor = {Hall, Rogers and Miyake, Naomi and Enyedy, Noel}, 
publisher = {AACE}, 
address = {Toronto}, 
pages = {289-298}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Taylor, Dean}, 
title = {Process metrics for asynchronous concurrent engineering: Communication in an Internet newsgroup}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1996 ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference}, 
publisher = {ASME}, 
address = {Irvine, California}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Teitelbaum, Tim and Reps, Thomas}, 
title = {The Cornell program synthesizer: A syntax-directed programming environment}, 
booktitle = {Interactive Programming Environments}, 
editor = {Barstow, David R. and Shrobe, Howard E. and Sandewall, Erik}, 
publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {97-116}, 
year = {1984}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Terveen, Loren and Hill, Will}, 
title = {Evaluating emergent collaboration on the Web}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings CSCW98}, 
editor = {Poltrock, Stephen and Grudin, Jonathan}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Seattle, Washington, US}, 
pages = {355-362}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Thomas, John C. and Carroll, John M.}, 
title = {The psychological study of design}, 
journal = {Design studies}, 
volume = {1}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {5-11}, 
year = {1979}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Thornburg, David D.}, 
title = {Disktop revolution: Is today's multimedia technology the soul of a new generation?}, 
journal = {inCider/A+}, 
volume = {August}, 
pages = {54-57}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Tinker, Robert F.}, 
title = {Teaching theory building}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Tinker, Robert F. and Papert, Seymour}, 
title = {Tools for science education}, 
booktitle = {1988 AETS Yearbook: Information Technology and Science Education}, 
editor = {Ellis, James D.}, 
publisher = {Association for the Education of Teachers in Science}, 
pages = {5-27}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Tognazzini, Bruce}, 
title = {Tog on Interface}, 
publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, 
address = {Reading, MA}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Towne, Douglas M. and Munro, Allen and Pizzini, Quentin A. and Surmon, David S. and Coller, Lee D. and Wogulis, James L.}, 
title = {Model-building tools for simulation-based training}, 
journal = {Interactive Learning Environments}, 
volume = {1}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {33-50}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { IMTS, non-programming construction of models and components, ITS component for student}}

@Inbook{,
author = {Trafton, P.R. and Claus, A.S.}, 
title = {A changing curriculum for a changing age}, 
booktitle = {Windows of opportunity: Mathematics for students with special needs}, 
editor = {Thornton, C.A. and Bley, N.S.}, 
publisher = {National Council of Teachers of Mathematics}, 
address = {Reston, VA}, 
pages = {19-39}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Travers, Michael}, 
title = {Animal construction kits}, 
booktitle = {Artifical life}, 
editor = {Langton, Chris}, 
publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, 
pages = {421-442}, 
year = {1988}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Trigg, Randall H.}, 
title = {Computer support for transcribing recorded activity}, 
journal = {SIGCHI Bulletin}, 
volume = {21}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {72-74}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Trowbridge, David E. and McDermott, Lillian C.}, 
title = {Investigations of student understanding of the concept of velocity in one dimension}, 
journal = {American Journal of Physics}, 
volume = {48}, 
number = {12}, 
pages = {1020-1028}, 
year = {1980}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Trowbridge, David E. and McDermott, Lillian C.}, 
title = {Investigation of student understanding of the concept of acceleration in one dimension}, 
journal = {American Journal of Physics}, 
volume = {49}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {242-253}, 
year = {1981}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Trumbly, J.E. and Arnett, K.P. and Martin, M.P.}, 
title = {Performance effect of matching computer interface characteristics and user skill level}, 
journal = {International Journal of Man-Machine Studies}, 
volume = {38}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {713-724}, 
year = {1993}, 
abstract = {An experiment was conducted to see if matching user interface characteristics to user computer knowledge could improve user performance. User performance was measured by simulation game results, the extent of errors and user response time. Experiment subjects were tested to determine their level of computer knowledge using a pretested instrument. The subjects were randomly assigned to either a novice or experienced oriented interface version of a space manufacturing simulation. Results show that task performance (manufacturing profit) significantly increased when user interface characteristics were matched to user computer knowledge (e.g. novice interface to novice user). The relationship between interface match and user errors was marginally significant. The results of this study are important to software designers and practitioners purchasing software products}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Tufte, Edward}, 
title = {The Visual Display of Quantitative Information}, 
publisher = {Graphics Press}, 
address = {Cheshire, CT}, 
year = {1983}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Turkle, Sherry and Papert, Seymour}, 
title = {Epistemological pluralism and the revaluation of the concrete}, 
booktitle = {Constructionism}, 
editor = {Harel, Idit and Papert, Seymour}, 
publisher = {Ablex}, 
address = {Norwood, NJ}, 
pages = {161-192}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Turns, Jennifer}, 
title = {An activity framework for supporting reflection in engineering design courses}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference of the Learning Sciences}, 
editor = {Edelson, Danny and Domeshek, Eric}, 
publisher = {AACE}, 
address = {Evanston, IL}, 
pages = {316-323}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@phdthesis{,
author = {Turns, Jennifer}, 
title = {Supporting Engineering Education with Information Technology: The Case of Instructional Design Experiences}, 
school = {School of Industrial Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Turns, Jennifer and Guzdial, Mark and Mistree, Farrokh and Allen, Janet K. and Rosen, Dave}, 
title = {I wish I had understood this at the beginning: Dilemmas in research, teaching, and the introduction of technology in engineering design courses}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Frontiers in Education Conference}, 
address = {Atlanta, GA}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Turns, Jennifer and Mistree, Farrokh and Rosen, David and Allen, Janet and Guzdial, Mark and Carlson, David}, 
editor = {Maurer, Hermann}, 
title = {A collaborative multimedia design learning simulator}, 
publisher = {AACE}, 
address = {Graz, Austria, June 17-21}, 
pages = {654-659}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Turns, Jennifer A. and Newstetter, Wendy and Allen, Janet K. and Mistree, Farrokh}, 
title = {The Reflective Learner: Supporting the Writing of Learning Essays that Support the Learning of Engineering Design through Experience}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1997 American Society of Engineering Educators Conference}, 
address = {Milwaukee, WI}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Tyack, David and Cuban, Larry}, 
title = {Tinkering toward Utopia: A century of public school reform}, 
publisher = {Harvard University Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Upitis, Rena}, 
title = {Children's understanding of rhythm: The relationship between development and music training}, 
journal = {Psychomusicology}, 
volume = {7}, 
pages = {41-60}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Upitis, Rena}, 
title = {Can I play you my song? The Compositions and Invented Notations of Children}, 
publisher = {Heinemann}, 
address = {Portsmouth, NJ}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Upson, C. and Faulhaber, T. and Kamins, D. and Laidlaw, D. and Schlegel, D. and Vroom, J. and Gurwitz, R. and Dam, A. van}, 
title = {The application visualization system: A computational environment for scientific visualization}, 
journal = {IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications}, 
volume = {9}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {30-42}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { This paper describes the design principles of AVS}}

@Inbook{,
author = {Urdan, Tim and Blumenfeld, Phyllis and Brade, Kathleen and Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {IByD: Instruction By Design}, 
booktitle = {Adaptive Learning Environments}, 
editor = {Jones, M. and Winne, P.H.}, 
publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, 
address = {Berlin}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Urdan, Tim and Blumenfeld, Phyllis and Soloway, Elliot and Brade, Kathy}, 
title = {IByD: Computer support for developing unit plans}, 
booktitle = {Instructional models in computer-based learning environments}, 
editor = {Dijkstra, S.}, 
publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {262-283}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {VanHeuvelen, Alan}, 
title = {Learning to think like a physicist: A review of research-based instructional strategies}, 
journal = {American Journal of Physics}, 
volume = {59}, 
number = {10}, 
pages = {891-897}, 
year = {1991}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {VanLehn, Kurt and Jones, Randolph M. and Chi, Michelene T.H.}, 
title = {A model for the self-explanation effect}, 
journal = {Journal of the Learning Sciences}, 
volume = {2}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {1-60}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Vanderbilt, Cognition and Technology Group at}, 
title = {Looking at technology in context: A framework for understanding technology and education research}, 
booktitle = {The Handbook of Educational Psychology}, 
editor = {Berliner, David C. and Calfee, Robert C.}, 
publisher = {MacMillan Publishing}, 
address = {NY}, 
pages = {To appear}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Vanderbilt, Cognition and Technology Group at}, 
title = {The Jasper project: Lessons in curriculu, instruction, assessment, and professional development}, 
publisher = {Erlbaum}, 
address = {Mahwah, NJ}, 
year = {1997}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Vanderbilt, The Cognition and Technology Group at}, 
title = {Anchored instruction and its relationship to situated cognition}, 
journal = {Educational Researcher}, 
pages = { 2-10}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Proceedings{,
author = {Vanegas, Jorge and Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {A collaborative and multimedia interactive learning environment for engineering education in sustainable development and technology}, 
publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers}, 
address = {Atlanta, GA}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Vanegas, Jorge A. and Barke, Richard P. and Kolodner, Janet L. and Meyer, Michael D. and Riggs, Leland S. and Rodgers, Michael O.}, 
title = {An integrated multimedia support system for teaching sustainable development and technology using a problem-based, case-based, and collaborative learning and reasoning approach}, 
journal = {EduTech Institute Proposal}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Vaubel, Kent P. and Gettys, Charles F.}, 
title = {Inferring user expertise for adaptive interfaces}, 
journal = {Human Computer Interaction}, 
volume = {5}, 
pages = {95-117}, 
year = {1990}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Verlinden, Jouke and Bolter, Jay David and Mast, Charles van der}, 
title = {Virtual annotation: Verbal communication in virtual reality}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Voyager}, 
title = {Voyager Expanded Book Toolkit}, 
year = {1993}, 
location = {San Mateo, CA}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Vygotsky, L.S.}, 
title = {Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes}, 
publisher = {Harvard University Press}, 
address = {Cambridge, MA}, 
year = {1978}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Walker, Rodney and Guzdial, Mark}, 
title = {Collaborative music to motivate mathematics learning}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of CSCL'99}, 
address = {Palo Alto, CA}, 
year = {Submitted}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Wan, Dadong and Johnson, Philip M.}, 
title = {Computer Supported Collaborative Learning using CLARE: The Approach and Experimental Findings}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of CSCW'94}, 
editor = {Furuta, Richard and Neuwirth, Christine}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {Chapel Hill, NC}, 
pages = {187-198}, 
year = {1994}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Waters, Richard C.}, 
title = {The Programmer's Apprentice: A sessions with KBEmacs}, 
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering}, 
volume = {11}, 
number = {11}, 
pages = {1269-1320}, 
year = {1981}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Weaver, Charles and Hohmann, Luke and Ewing, Ken and Kafai, Yasmin and Guzdial, Mark and Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {The GPCeditor: Supporting the learning and using of synthesis skills}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {WebCT}, 
title = {http://www.webct.com/webct/}, 
year = {1999}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Webb, N.}, 
title = {Constructive activity and learning in collaborative small groups}, 
journal = {Journal of Educational Psychology}, 
volume = {87}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {406-423}, 
year = {1995}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Webb, Noreen M. and Palincsar, Annemarie Sullivan}, 
title = {Group processes in the classroom}, 
booktitle = {Handbook of Educational Psychology}, 
editor = {Berliner, David C. and Calfee, Robert C.}, 
publisher = {Macmillan}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {841-873}, 
year = {1996}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Weiler, Paul and Cordes, Richard and Hammontree, Monty and Hoiem, Derek and Thompson, Michael}, 
title = {Software for the usability lab: A sampling of current tools (Panel session)}, 
booktitle = {INTERCHI'93 Conference Proceedings: Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, 
editor = {Ashlund, Stacey and Mullet, Kevin and Henderson, Austin and Hollnagel, Erik and White, Ted}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {New York}, 
year = {1993}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Weingrad, Peri and Hay, Kenneth E. and Jackson, Shari and Boyle, Robert A. and Guzdial, Mark and Soloway, Elliot}, 
title = {Student composition of multimedia document: A preliminary study}, 
journal = {Journal of Educational Computing Research}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Wenger, Etienne}, 
title = {Artificial Intelligence and Tutoring Systems: Computational and Cognitive Approaches to the Communication of Knowledge}, 
publisher = {Morgan Kaufman}, 
year = {1987}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {West, L.H.T. and Fensham, Peter J. and Garrard, J.E.}, 
title = {Describing the cognitive structures of learners following instruction in Chemistry}, 
booktitle = {Cognitive structure and conceptual change}, 
editor = {West, L.H.T. and Pines, A.L.}, 
publisher = {Academic Press}, 
address = {Orlando, FL}, 
pages = {29-49}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Wharton, Cathleen and Bradford, J. and Jeffries, Robin and Franzke, M.}, 
title = {Applying cognitive walkthroughs to more complex user interfaces: Experiences, issues, and recommendations}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of CHI'92}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {NY}, 
pages = {381-388}, 
year = {1992}, 
keywords = { }}

@Book{,
author = {Whimbey, A. and Lochhead, J.}, 
title = {Problem-solving and comprehension: A short course in analytical reasoning}, 
publisher = {The Franklin Institute Press}, 
address = {Philadelphia}, 
year = {1980}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {White, Barbara Y.}, 
title = {Designing computer games to help physics students understand Newton's laws of motion}, 
journal = {Cognition and Instruction}, 
volume = {1}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {69-108}, 
year = {1984}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {White, Barbara Y. and Horwitz, Paul}, 
title = {ThinkerTools: Enabling children to understand physical laws}, 
year = {1989}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {White, Richard T.}, 
title = {Interview protocols and dimensions of cognitive structure}, 
booktitle = {Cognitive Structure and Conceptual Change}, 
editor = {West, Leo H. T. and Pines, A. Leon}, 
publisher = {Academic Press}, 
address = {Orlanda}, 
pages = {51-59}, 
year = {1985}, 
keywords = { }}

@Inbook{,
author = {Whittaker, Steven and Terveen, Loren and Hill, Will and Cherny, Lynn}, 
title = {The dynamics of mass interaction}, 
booktitle = {Proceedings of CSCL98}, 
publisher = {ACM}, 
address = {New York}, 
pages = {257-264}, 
year = {1998}, 
keywords = { }}

@Article{,
author = {Wilensky, U. and Resnick, M.}, 
title = {Thinking in Levels: A dynamic systems perspective to making sense of the world}, 
journal = {Journal of Science Education and Technology}, 
volume = {8}, 
number = {1}, 
year = {1999}, 
keywords = { }}

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